Piaget & Vygotsky Essays (1985 words) - Constructivism,

Piaget & Vygotsky Piaget and Vygotsky Theories of Cognitive Development Everyday life is characterized by conscious purpose. From reaching for food to designing an experiment, our actions are directed at goals. This purpose reveals itself partly in our conscious awareness and partly in the organization of our thoughts and actions. Cognition is the process involved in thinking and mental activity, such as attention, memory and problem solving. Much past and present theory has emphasized the parallels between the articulated prepositional structure of language and the structure of an internal code or ?language of thought'. In this paper I will discuss language and cognition and two famous theorist who were both influential in forming a more scientific approach to analyzing the process of cognitive development. Jean Piaget There are those that say that Jean Piaget was the first to take children's thinking seriously. Although Piaget never thought of himself as a child psychologist his real interest was epistemology, the theory of knowledge, which, like physics, was considered a branch of philosophy until Piaget came along and made it a science (2000). Children and their reasoning process fascinated Piaget. He began to suspect that observing how the child's mind develops might discover the key to human knowledge. Piaget's insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. Jean Piaget has made major theoretical and practical contributions to our understanding of the origins and evolution of knowledge. Stages of Childhood Development In his work Piaget identified stages of mental growth. He theorized that all children progressed through stages of cognitive development. He discovered that children think and reason differently at different periods in their lives. Piaget believed that everyone passed through a sequence of four qualitatively distinct stages. They are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. In the sensorimotor stage, occurring from birth to age 2, the child is concerned with gaining motor control and learning about physical objects. This stage promotes that thought is based primarily on action. Every time an infant does any action such as holding a bottle or learning to turn over, they are learning more about their bodies and how it relates to them and their environment. Piaget maintains that there are six sub-stages in the sensorimotor stage although children pass through three major achievements. In the preoperational stage, from ages 2 to 7, the child is preoccupied with verbal skills. At this point the child can name objects and reason intuitively. Piaget has divided this stage into the preoperational phase and the intuitive phase. In the preoperational phase children use language and try to make sense of the world but have a much less sophisticated mode of thought than adults. They need to test thoughts with reality on a daily basis and do not appear to be able to learn from generalizations made by adults. In the intuitive phase the child slowly moves away from drawing conclusions based solely on concrete experiences with objects. However, the conclusions drawn are based on rather vague impressions and perceptual judgments. It becomes possible to carry on a conversation with a child. Children develop the ability to classify objects on the basis of different criteria. At this stage children learn to count and use the concept of numbers. In the concrete operational stage, from ages 7 to 12, the child begins to deal with abstract concepts such as numbers and relationships. It is here that children learn mastery of classes, relations, numbers and how to reason. In this stage a person can do mental operations but only with real concrete objects, events or situations. Logical reasons are understood. For example, a concrete operational person can understand the need to go to bed early when it is necessary to rise early the next morning. A pre-operational child, on the other hand, does not understand this logic and substitutes the psychological reason, I want to stay up?. Finally, in the formal operational stage, age 12 to 15, the child begins to reason logically and systematically. The last stage deals with the mastery of thought (Evans, 1973). A formal operational thinker can do abstract thinking and starts to enjoy abstract thought. The formal operational thinker is able to think ahead to plan the solution path. Finally,

10 Threats to Monarch Migration

10 Threats to Monarch Migration Though monarch butterflies as a species are not in danger of extinction in the near future, their unique North American migration may cease without intervention. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) calls the monarch migration an endangered biological phenomenon. Migrating monarchs face threats throughout their journey, from their overwintering sites to their breeding grounds. Here are 10 threats to monarch migration, all of them the result of human activities. Until we change our ways, monarchs will likely continue to decline throughout their North American migration route. 1. Roundup-Resistant Crops American corn and soybean growers now plant mostly genetically-modified crops that are resistant to the herbicide Roundup. Rather than till the soil to control weeds in their fields, farmers can now plant their crops first, and then spray their fields with Roundup to kill the weeds. The weeds, including milkweed, die back, while the corn or soybeans continue to grow. Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), perhaps the most important monarch host plant of all the milkweeds, can still thrive in a tilled field. Ask any gardener who has planted a patch of it about how quickly it spreads, and how hard it is to keep from resprouting. But common milkweed (or any milkweed species, for that matter) cannot tolerate these repeated applications of Roundup on farm fields. Milkweed in agricultural fields is believed to have been a food source for up to 70% of monarchs in the past; the loss of these plants could seriously impact the population. Roundup doesnt discriminate, either, so nectar plants tha t once bloomed between crops have disappeared in these areas, too. 2. Insecticide Use This might seem like a no-brainer (and perhaps it is), but monarch populations can be impacted by exposure to insecticides, even those intended for controlling other insects. In some cases, the insecticide in question may be deemed safe to other, non-targeted wildlife, but often no studies exist to prove the product wont harm monarch butterflies. Fear of West Nile virus leads many communities to conduct aerial spraying programs of pesticides intended to kill mosquitoes, to the possible detriment of monarchs. Permethrin, for example, is used to control adult mosquitoes, but one study done by the Monarch Lab at the University of Minnesota showed that permethrin residue on milkweed foliage is highly lethal to monarch caterpillars, particularly in the early instars. Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)is a bacteria that specifically targets caterpillars. It is applied aerially to forests, to combat pests like the gypsy moth, and inserted into genetically modified corn, to help the plants repel pe sts like the corn borer. Studies show that windblown pollen from GM corn can kill monarch larvae if the toxic pollen lands on milkweed foliage. Fortunately, recent research suggests Bt-laden corn pollen may not pose a serious threat to the overall monarch population. 3. Roadside Maintenance Activities Milkweed grows well in disturbed habitats like roadsides. It could be said that most monarch enthusiasts can spot a milkweed patch while driving 60 miles per hour down the highway! One would think such an easy growing host plant would give monarchs an edge, but unfortunately, the people who maintain our right-of-ways usually view milkweed as a weed, and nothing more. In many places, the roadside vegetation is mowed, often right when milkweed is at its peak and crawling with caterpillars. In some cases, roadside vegetation is treated with herbicides. As farmers eliminate milkweed from their fields with Roundup, roadside milkweed stands will be more important to migrating monarchs. 4. Ozone Pollution Ozone, a major component of smog, is highly toxic to plants. Some plants are more sensitive to ozone pollution than others. Milkweed is highly sensitive to ozone at ground level, so much so that it is considered a reliable bio-indicator of ozone pollution. Milkweed plants affected by ozone develop dark lesions on their foliage, a symptom known as stippling. While we know the quality of milkweed suffers in areas of high ground-level ozone, we know little about how this may impact monarch larvae that feed on milkweed plants in smoggy areas. 5. Deforestation Overwintering monarchs need forests for protection from the elements, and they need very specific forests at that. The population that breeds east of the Rocky Mountains migrates to mountains in central Mexico, where they can roost in dense stands of oyamel fir trees. Unfortunately, those trees are a valuable resource, and even after the monarch wintering site was designated as a preserve, logging activities continued illegally. In the 20 years from 1986 to 2006, an estimated 10,500 hectares of forest were either lost entirely or disturbed to a degree that they no longer provided suitable winter cover for the butterflies. Since 2006, the Mexican government has been more vigilant in enforcing the logging ban within the preserve, and thankfully, deforestation has decreased significantly in recent years. 6. Water Diversion Since long before the monarchs were found clinging to trees by the millions in Mexico, Mexican families have subsisted off the land in and around the oyamel forests. Local residents need water, both for their homes and for their cattle and crops. In recent years, villagers have started diverting water from mountain streams, using plastic pipes to intercept and direct it to their homes and farms. Not only does this leave streambeds dry, but it also requires the overwintering monarchs to fly longer distances in search of water. And the farther they fly, the more energy the butterflies require to survive until spring. 7. Real Estate Development California boasts some of the countrys highest property values, so its no surprise that monarchs on the west coast might get squeezed out by land developers. Both breeding habitat and wintering sites are at risk. Remember, the monarch butterfly is not an endangered species, so it isnt afforded the protections of the Endangered Species Act. So far, butterfly enthusiasts and monarch lovers have done a good job of pleading for the conservation of overwintering sites, which are scattered from San Diego County to Marin County along the California coastline. But vigilance must be maintained to make sure the monarchs keep this prime real estate. 8. Removal of Non-Native Eucalyptus Trees Why would the removal of non-native trees impact the monarch butterfly, a native species? In the mid-to-late 19th century, Californians imported and planted no less than 100 species of eucalyptus from Australia. These hardy trees grew like weeds along the California coast. Western monarch butterflies found the groves of eucalyptus trees provided ideal protection in the winter, even better than the stands of native pines where they roosted in the past. The western population of North American monarchs now relies heavily on these stands of introduced trees to see them through the winter. Unfortunately, eucalyptus is known for its propensity to fuel wildfires, so these forests are not so beloved by land managers. We may see a decline in monarch numbers where the non-native trees are removed. 9. Climate Change Monarchs need very specific climate conditions to survive the winter, and this is why their overwintering sites are limited to just 12 mountains in Mexico and a handful of eucalyptus groves in California. It doesnt matter whether you believe climate change is caused by humans (it is) or not, climate change is real and it is happening now. So what will that mean for the migrating monarchs? Scientists used climate change models to predict what conditions at the overwintering sites will be in the near future, and the models paint a gloomy picture for the monarchs. By 2055, climate change models predict the oyamel forests of Mexico will see precipitation similar to what the area experienced in 2002 when an estimated 70-80% of the monarchs in the two largest overwintering sites died. Why is wet weather so detrimental to the monarchs? In a drier climate, the butterflies can adjust to the cold by a process known as supercooling. Wet butterflies freeze to death. 10. Tourism The very people who care the most about monarchs may be contributing to their demise. We didnt even know where the monarchs spent their winters until 1975, but in the decades since, millions of tourists have made the pilgrimage to central Mexico to see this mass gathering of butterflies. Each winter, up to 150,000 visitors travel to the remote oyamel forests. The impact of 300,000 feet on the steep mountain trails causes considerable soil erosion. Many tourists travel by horseback, kicking up dust that blocks spiracles and literally suffocates the butterflies. And each year, more businesses pop up to cater to butterfly tourists, requiring more resources and creating more waste. Even in the U.S., tourism has sometimes hurt more than help the monarchs. A motel built at one of the California overwintering locations degraded the forest and caused the butterflies to abandon the site. Sources North American Monarch Conservation Plan (PDF), prepared by the Secretariat of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC).Conservation Initiative in North America to Protect Monarch Butterfly, Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS).Monarch Butterfly Conservation in North America, U.S. Forest Service.Migrating Monarch Butterflies in Monterey County, Ventana Wildlife Society.Species Profile (Monarch), Species at Risk Public Registry, Government of Canada.The Effects of Mosquito-Control Applications of Permethrin on Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus) Larvae, Sara Brinda, 2004.Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Resmethrin on Nontargeted Species, Meredith Blank, 2006.

Adverse possession makes it de facto

Adverse possession makes it de facto Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . Adverse possession makes it de facto It is the policy of the Limitation Acts that those who go sleep upon their claims should not be assisted by the courts in recovering their property, but another, and I think equal policy behind these acts, is that there shall be an end to litigation. Irish law interprets a person’s right to land as being based on the fact that another person cannot claim a better title over it. Thus in Ireland the person usually with the best title to land, is the person whose title vests in possession. This is why the courts recognise a person who has had control of land for twelve years or more, even if it’s adverse possession to be the rightful owner. Adverse possession has been described as primitive and outmoded, however as this essay will show that it is still as relevant and important today as it was when it was created. Elements of adverse possession 1.1 To encourage owners not to sit on their rights Prevention of stale claims Quieten title s and facilitated conveyance Boundary disputes Adverse possession and registered land Economic impact of adverse possession Irish reactions to Pye, Law Reform Commission Reports. Possible ways to improve and enhance adverse possession. 5.1 Alternative Dispute Resolution. 5.2 Sharing the costs 5.3 Penalties To encourage owners not to sit on their rights The equitable maximum of, â€Å"Vigilantibus non dormientibus, jura subveniunt† is seen as a way of encouraging paper owners to utilise their land to the best of its abilities, as land is seen as a vital natural resource, and if they fail or neglect to do this then a squatter who is prepared to make use of the land has a legal right to take possession from the paper owner. See the comments of Lyall.   [ 4 ]    The law cannot be expected to protect the interests of a landowner who either has failed or even has no interest in the current state of his land, or where the owner has just not taken action in time to prevent the li mitation period from running out. However there is a need to be careful when courts do apply this maximum strictly, as it can lead to unjust outcomes, particularly where the paper owner had in mind a future use for the land, because it can be difficult to figure out whether the adverse possessors use of the land or the real owners future use of the land will yield the most benefits. This is what happed in the case of Pye   [ 5 ]   and resulted in the loss of land worth around thirty five million. Nueberger J discussed the â€Å"sleeping Theory† and found there to be no justification in the circumstances, where the paper owner â€Å"was content to let another person trespass on the land for the time being.† The judge could find no logic in the court’s decision here. The case contradicted the previously held believe that there could be no adverse possession, once the paper owner had a future use in mind.   [ 6 ]

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Final - Essay Example The employees cannot go to the court or contact the legal authorities in case of being fired or released prematurely or without any previous notices dispatched. The first is the public policy exception. This is subject to a given employer and industry that is working in a given state and the overall ruling and standing of the state in that regard. The injury incurred during the working hours and various other conditions that are unforeseen and have little doing with regard to the employees work make up for the exception in the entire process. The second exception is that of employee’s case of being targeted based on the racial discrimination. In case of the client’s believe that anything of similar form may have taken place, the employer can be subjected to questioning and the employee may well go to the court or the legal entity and win the case against their employers. The labor unions provide for support and protection against this case and often the employees enrolled under the protection of various labor unions in a given state can enjoy this entitlement and protection in case of conflict between the two parties. As the Director of HR Golden Hospital I would have the concerns regarding the overall irregularities that are in practices and due to which one of the employees was terminated. I would be worried making sure these practices are stopped at once and professional practices are taken into account. Also the employees stance of questioning the overall cause of termination would be another point that would concern me. The H.R department should be notified about her termination and the reason for her termination should be mentioned. The concerned departments and individuals should also be told of the shortcomings that were faced in the form of her performance and the overall negligence that came forth in the event of the overall scenario. The situation would be handled in the

GFR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GFR - Essay Example Various tests are carried out once the disease is detected which include – Blood tests, urine tests, ultra sonogram and biopsy. Blood is checked for creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. The normal range for creatinine is 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dl and that of blood urea is 7 to 20 milligrams per decilitre of blood. If it exceeds, then the kidney is not functioning properly. The test carried out will also show the level of protein in the blood-(Proteinuria) A reference range which is both cost effective and quick can also be used to check protein levels in the urine. The normal renal protein excretion is less than 150mg/24 hours. The glomeruli normally filters around 75 to 10 mg/24 hours. Albumin is too thick to pass through the glomerulus and may cause damage. Therefore this test would show the damage if any. Normally the albumin that passes through is around 25-300 mg/ 24 hours. Dip stick tests detect albumin levels and if the level of urine proteinnuria is above 2gms/24 hours, it results in glomerulus disease. The maximum rate at which a substance can be cleared from the plasma is the GFR of that substance. Substances which are freely filtered by the glomerulus and are not secreted or absorbed can be used. Creatinine which is a by product of metabolism and is present in the blood can be checked by testing the concentration of creatinine and plasma within the 24 hour period. In acute cases of kidney failure, a dialysis machine is used on the patient because the kidneys of the patient are not capable of clearing the blood of harmful substances including toxins. This machine consists of tubes which are inserted into major veins to filter or purify his blood. In a patient is suffering from renal disease, his GFR an go down to about 50- 60 ml/min and still no symptoms are shown. But, if the GFR goes as low as 15 – 20ml/ per minute then dialysis is definitely

How Music Affects Concentration and Work Efficiency Essay Example for Free

How Music Affects Concentration and Work Efficiency Essay Research on the brain has been immense. The scientific study of the brain has become an essential endeavor in understanding human life. Music has been found to have profound effect on the brain. Psychologists and scientists have been looking at the link between music, with mood, work efficiency and concentration for years. In our experiment, we hope to find a correlation between a specific genre of music and greater work efficiency and concentration. We plan to give Miami University students a brief reading comprehension test while listening to a certain genre of music (rock, rap, classical, instrumental, techno, and no music). Â  After testing 90 students, we hope to reach a conclusion about what music helps concentration and work efficiency. If we are able to come to a conclusion, we will have a study skill that will help college students perform better on tests and with homework. Introduction: In this study we seek to examine the correlations between music and the mind. We hope to uncover the profound impact that various genres of music can have on concentration and comprehension. We hypothesize, that classical music, along with soothing and instrumental music will benefit concentration greater than rock and roll music or pieces featuring fast and wild rhythms. Our research question for this project is what specific music will benefit concentration and comprehension greatestNif at all. After researching other studies that have done on the link between music and concentration, we predict that listening to different types of music while answering questions will indeed affect the subjectOs concentration and work efficiency. In specific, we predict that classical music will help our brain with concentration tasks. From our various studies and tests we hope to discover this helpful link between musics affect on the mind and use the results to enact better habits in our own lives. Our group wanted to perform an experiment that has validity to a personOs everyday life. Because all of our group members are in college and feel the pressure and stress to accumulate good grades, we thought it would be a great idea to help ease the anxiety by finding a method to help with our studying. If our hypothesis turns out conclusive, it will be beneficial for people to listen to classical music while studying. We have hopes that we will find a genre of music that helps the mind concentrate more efficiently. If we can accomplish our goal by coming to a definite answer to our question our experiment will be successful. We believe that this study is interesting because the vast majority of college students, ourselves included, enjoy music and seek ways to incorporate our music in studying. As college students, we also want to find ways to improve our grades and success at taking tests. If we can find a way in which music benefits studying and comprehension, we can involve music in our studies thus enhancing the enjoyment of time studying as well as enhancing our learning abilities. Music is powerful. It has the potential to evoke emotions and personality. Because of the profound effects music has on the human race, it has been a common link between cultures around the world for centuries. Not only does music provide entertainment and beautiful sounds, but it has an amazing effect on memory and learning. It has been found that people who study music have better GPAs and are higher achievers than those who arent involved in music. It is also true that Hungary, Japan and the Netherlands are the top three academic countries in the world and they all place a great emphasis on music education and participation in music. With that fact, the United States should promote music education in all students and stress the importance of music from an early age when children are curious and adventurous. Through recent scientific studies there has been a much greater understanding on music and itOs psychological effects. There have been countless studies performed to understand the complex correlation of the complicated brain and music. For example, in a study performed by Mark Tarrant, David Hargreaves, and Adrian North, the men sought to examine the manipulation of the mind based on music. In the study, they played music in a gym and examined the moods through testing their subjects immediately following their workout. They offered the participants the ability to help out a charity, thus examining the affect that the music had on them. They measured two different groups, those who listened to annoying music and those who listened to uplifting music. The results revealed that the uplifting music did in fact manipulate the mind by causing the subjects to be more supportive, while the people who listened to the annoying music were short-tempered and unhelpful. Another famous study has dealt with how MozartOs masterpieces help concentration and memorization when studying for academics. It has been found in many different studies that because of the mathematical rhythms in MozartOs musical pieces, mental clarity is enhanced, therefore improving study skills. After researching this study, our group was able to construct our own hypothesis. The study also made us more hopeful that our hypothesis would turn our conclusive. An experiment performed by Teresa Lesiuk dealt with the effect of listening to music on work performance. She concluded that quality of work and time-on-task work was least efficient with no music. Her experiment showed that people produce more quality work while listening to music and they finish their work faster when listening to music. It also stated that work environments with music help employee moods. This study helps our experiment, but lacks the difference in music genres on work efficiency. With our experiment, we will be able to take this specific study even further by finding out what specific genre of music helps work efficiency and mood. Exploring multiple sources and studies performed by other scientists has only helped strengthen our own experiment and shed light onto different facets of our study. With the help of outside information, we hope to provide a well constructed experiment with reliable results. From our research, we have built a vast base of knowledge on not only musics effects on the mind, but mood, tension, and other factors which could possibly hinder our experiment. The knowledge we have gained on the diverse human responses to various genres of music have helped support our belief that music can in fact have both beneficial and harmful consequences. Our study seeks to examine not only our narrowly defined question, but several broader inquiries. Walking into King Library, there are a vast number of students hard at work while tuned into their iPods. In our study, we seek to examine what genre of music will be most beneficial. On a larger scale however, our study examines several broader topics and has many far reaching effects on students lives. The study will work to reach conclusions on how students can improve academic performance as well as comprehension and mental efficiency. In researching this topic, we have come across many studies that also explore the link between music and the mind. Hargreaves, David, Mark Tarrant, and Adrian North. The Effects of Music on Helping Behavior. Environment and Behavior 36 (2004). 10 Sep 2005 . This was an extremely beneficial study was performed on this topic by Mark Tarrant, David Hargreaves, and Adrian North. These men sought to examine the manipulation of the mind based on music. They played music in a gym and examined the moods through testing their subjects immediately following their workout. They offered the participants the ability to help out a charity, thus examining the affect that the music had on them. They had two different groups which they measured those who listened to annoying music and those who listened were exposed to uplifting music. The results revealed that the uplifting music did in fact manipulate the mind by causing the subjects to be more supportive. Weinberger, Norman . The Mozart Effect: A Small Part of the Big Picture. 7 ed. Sacramento: Regents of the University of California, 2000. One particular article we came across examined the effect of classical musics mathematical rhythms. According to their studies, the format of the mathematical rhythms in Mozarts pieces contain various factors which enhance mental clarity. Lesiuk, Teresa. The Effect of music listening on work performance. Psychology of Music. Vol. 33, No. 2, 173-191 (2005). . This journal article found results that indicate that in a work environment, quality of work is lowest with no music and time-on-task was longest with no music as well. It also states the environments with music help mood and increase quality of work when music is present. We hope that our experiment shows these results as well. Platel, H. The Structural Components of Music Perception. A Functional Anatomical Study. Brain. Vol 120, Issue 2: 229-243. Oxford University Press 1997. This journal article relates to our experiment in a more medical standpoint. Their experiment explores the relationship between the cerebral structures and music appreciation. It is essential that we look at medical journal articles so we understand the medical basis to our experiment. Our mind is complex and extraordinary and music plays a profound affect on our brain and the way it works. McCraty, R. The Effects of Different Types of Music on Mood, Tension, and Mental Clarity. Pub Med. 1998 Jan; 4 (1): 75-84. 7 Sep 2005. . This journal article touched on not only music and its effect on work efficiency, but also musics effect on tension, mood and mental clarity. Because it includes more than just mental clarity, it gives us more information and research to work with. The study found that designer music (music made to have a specific effect on the listener) increased positive feelings and concentration levels. This journal article has many similarities to our experiment and coincides with our hypothesis. Florentine, Mary. On the Behavioral Characteristics of Loud-Music Listening. Ear and Hearing: The Official Journal of the American Auditory Society. 19(6):420-428, 1998 Dec. This journal discusses behavior and its link to listening excessively to loud music. They created a survey and test 90 subjects. Eight of the surveyors showed behaviors that are present in substance abusers. This is relevant to our experiment because we will be using rock and other types of loud music to measure concentration„this journal taps into the musical category. Sweeney, J. C. The Role of Cognitions and Emotions in the Music-approach-avoidance Behavior Relationhip. Journal of Services Marketing. Vol 16, 1: 51-69. March 2002. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. This study dealt with an experiment in a womens fashion store. This journal differed from the others we researched, however it touched on a different aspect of our experiment. The journal states that music affects customers perceptions of service quality as well as feelings of arousals in terms of a womens fashion store. After reading different journals like this one, it is obvious that music affects all aspects of life, not just mood and concentration. McCraty, Rollin. The Effects of Different Types of Music on Mood, Tension, and Mental Clarity. HeartMath 76 (2002). 17 Sep 2005 . A third study we found, looked into the connections between music, mood, and mental clarity. They sought to test the different effects that diverse genres of music had on subjects through psychological questioning and profiling. They tested four genres of music from various corners of the music world; Grunge Rock, New Age, Classical, and Designer. The results were conclusive in revealing that grunge rock evoked hostility and greatly reduced mental clarity and motivation. We found this particularly important to our studies as we also plan to test primarily college students who commonly listen to grunge music. Carroll, Robert Todd. Mozart Effect. The Skeptics Dictionary 2005. . This article explores the effect that Mozart music has on the mind. It gives the history of the scientist who examined this issue. They included statistics to prove their case the students do better when they are exposed to Mozart and classical music. This article correlates to our hypothesis that classical music will improve concentration.

Beowulf: The Ultimate Hero Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

A hero is one who places himself or herself at risk for another by performing great deeds of courage. In the epic poem Beowulf, the character of Beowulf is clearly a hero. Not only is Beowulf a hero because of his physical strength, but he also gives the glory to God. Beowulf is the ultimate hero who put his life on the line for an entire kingdom. Beowulf's heroism can be seen when he takes 14 of the bravest in his land to go help Hrothgar. Hrothgar was Beowulf's father's close friend who had been plagued by attacks for twelve years that threatened an entire kingdom. Beowulf did not have to offer Hrothgar's kingdom help, but does so because he wants to uses his God given strength to the best of his ability. As soon as Beowulf heard of the troubles in this land he set sail immediately. Beowulf continues to show his thankfulness by thanking God for giving them safe travel across the sea. Beowulf is lead to Hrothgar and offers him is "services." "-Now sit down to the feast, and, in due time, listen to lays of warriors' victories, as your heart may prompt you. (15) Beowulf is asked by the warriors to tell of his past defeats while eating in Hrothgar's palace. Beowulf is already a hero to the people of this land for he is about to rid them of their enemy. The warriors are anxious to here what he has done and what he plans to do to Grendel. Here Beowulf "puts on his running shoes" and runs through his battle plan mentally just as any great athlete would do before a big meet. As the Banquet continues, Hrothgar thanks Beowulf, and promises him gre... ... Beowulf can be called the ultimate hero because he put his life on the line for an entire kingdom. Even though Beowulf had hoped that his people would benefit from all of the treasures he had stored up, we are taught, the material things that one earns during one's life can not stop what is God's will. For everything in life must come to an end and that time is always uncertain, even for a hero. Works Cited Beowulf and Other Old English Poems. Trans. Constance B. Hieatt. New York; Odyssey Press, 1967.

Jadwal Kuliah

2013 The Period of February – July Course Schedule MASTER OF MANAGEMENT FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA 1|P a g e ? ? ? ? ? ? Pre-MBA Batch 62 Regular Class International Class KK-Diknas II Reg. Class Executive Class KK-MA Executive Class The List of Lecturer of Pre-MBA Batch 62 The period of February – July 2013 Nr. COURSE CREDIT SESSION LECTURER CLASS A CLASS B Preliminary Session 1 IFM 2 IB 3 4 CLASS C (swj) Prof. Dr. Suwardjono, M. Sc. Introduction to Financial Management 3 36 aa Ahmad Amin, S. E. , M. B. A. , Ak. sgt Sugiarto, Drs. , M. B. A, M. Acc. adh Abdul Halim, Drs. , MBA, Dr. , Prof.Introduction to Business 2 24 wp Widya Paramita, S. E. , M. Sc. sdy Sudiyanti, S. E. , M. Sc. ror Rokhima Rostiani, S. E. , M. Mgt. IEM Introductory Economics for Managers 3 42 stw Soetatwo Hadiwigeno, Drs. , MA, Ph. D. srt Soeratno, Drs. , M. Ec. , Dr. bsh Budiono Sri Handoko, Drs. , MA, Ph. D. SBD Statistics for Business Decision 3 42 ah M. Adnan Hadja m, Drs. , MA chs Christiana Suparmi, Dra. , SU. ssl Samsubar Saleh, Drs. , M. Soc. Sc. , Dr. , Prof. The List of Lecturer of Diknas Class Semester III The period of February – July 2013 Nr. Course Credit Session Lecturer Class A 1 2 BSRM 3 PR 4 WT Workshop Tesis 5 1|P a g e LILeadership and Innovation 3 42 TH Tesis hh Hani Handoko, Drs. , M. B. A. , Ph. D. Behavioral and Social Research Methods 3 Project 3 42 wnl 42 hrm Class B gk Gugup Kismono, Drs. , M. B. A. , Ph. D I Wayan Nuka Lantara, S. E. , M. Si. , Ph. D. iwk Indra Wijaya Kusuma, Drs. , M. B. A. , Ph. D. , Prof. Harmanto, Drs. , M. Si. (Coordinator) hrm Harmanto, Drs. , M. Si. (Coordinator) The List of Lecturer of International Class The period of February – July 2013 Nr. Batch Credit Session 1 FM Financial Management Course 61 3 42 ma Marwan Asri, Drs. , M. B. A. , Ph. D. , Prof. 2 MM Marketing Management 61 3 42 ssn Sahid Susilo Nugroho, Drs. M. Sc. , M. Phil. , Ph. D. 3 OB Organizational Behavior 61 3 42 ss t Sari Sitalaksmi, S. E. , M. Mgt. , Ph. D. 4 BL Business Law 61 2 30 pps Paripurna P. S. , Drs. , SH, M. Hum. , Dr. 5 OM Operations Management 61 3 42 wsc Wakhid Slamet Ciptono, Drs. , M. B. A. , M. P. M. , Ph. D. 6 BE Business Ethics 61 3 42 dhs Dewi Haryani Susilastuti, Dra. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. 7 SIT Systems and Information Technology 60 3 42 jgy Jogiyanto Hartono, Drs. , MBA, CMA. , Ph. D. , Prof. 8 MCS Management Control Systems 60 3 42 spy Supriyadi, Drs. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. 9 SM Strategic Management 60 3 42 ra Rangga Almahendra, S. T. , M. M. , Ph. D. 10GBE General Business Environment 60 3 54 – Course overview bsd Basu Swastha Dh. , Drs. , MBA, Ph. D. , Prof. – Demographical environment dhs Dewi Haryani Susilastuti, Dra. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. – Social environment da Djamaludin Ancok, Drs. , MA, Ph. D. , Prof. dsy Djoko Suryo, MA. , Dr. , Prof. – Cultural environment Lecturer – Domestic political environment mmd Mohtar Masoed, MA. , Dr. , Prof. â₠¬â€œ International political environment mmd Mohtar Masoed, MA. , Dr. , Prof. – Natural environment sdt Shalihudin Djalal Tandjung, M. Sc. , Dr. , Prof. – Technological environment: Information Technology jei Jazi Eko Istiyanto, Drs. , M. Sc. Ph. D. , Prof. – Technological environment: Processing technology krk Kapti Rahayu Kuswanto, Dr. , Prof. – Governmental environment wk Wahyudi Kumorotomo, MPP. , Dr. , Prof. – Economic development la Lincolin Arsyad, Drs. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. , Prof. – Regional economy tw Tri Widodo, S. E. , M. Ec. Dev. , Ph. D. , Prof. – Industry & sectoral policies mk Mudrajad Kuncoro, M. Soc. Sc. , Dr. , Prof. – Monetary & fiscal policies sa Sri Adiningsih, Dra. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. , Prof. Presentation and class discussion (Session 15 & 16) bsd Basu Swastha Dharmmesta, Drs. , MBA. , Ph. D. , Prof. bsd Basu Swastha Dharmmesta, Drs. , MBA. , Ph.D. , Prof. Business Communication 59 & 60 3 42 djs Djoko Susanto, Drs. , MSA. , Ak. , Ph. D. , Prof. BRM Business Research Methods 59 & 60 3 42 zb Zaki Baridwan, Drs. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. , Prof. 13 WT Workshop Thesis 59 1 14 TH Thesis 59 3 Presentation and class discussion (Session 17 & 18) 11 12 2|P a g e BC The List of Lecturer of Regular Class The period of February – July 2013 Nr. Course Batch Credit Lecturer Session Class A Class B Class C 1 FM Financial Management 61 3 42 sh Suad Husnan, Drs. , MBA. , Ph. D. sum Sumiyana, Drs. , M. Si. , Dr. et Eduardus Tandelilin, Drs. , MBA, Ph. D. , Prof. 2 MM Marketing Management 61 3 2 ssn Sahid Susilo Nugroho, Drs. , M. Sc. , M. Phil. , Ph. D. swi Sari Winahjoe S. , Dra. , MBA tb Teguh Budiarto, Drs. , MIM. 3 OB Organizational Behavior 61 3 42 epn Edi Prasetyo Nugroho, Drs. , MBA. 4 BL Business Law 61 2 30 mf Mukti Fajar, SH, M. Hum. , Dr. 5 OM Operations Management 61 3 42 bdh 6 BE Business Ethics 61 3 42 es 7 SIT Systems and Information Technology 60 3 42 jei Jazi Eko Istiyanto, Drs. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. , Prof. 8 MCS Management Control Systems 60 3 42 ssg 9 SM Strategic Management 60 3 42 10 GBE General Business Environment 60 3 54 Reni Rosari, Dra. , MBA. drw Diah Retno Wulandaru, Dra. , MBA. hwn rr M.Hawin, SH, LLM, Ph. D. , Prof. hwn M. Hawin, SH, LLM, Ph. D. , Prof. Budi Hartono, S. T. , M. P. M. , Ph. D. khw Kuncoro Hartowidodo, Ir. , M. Eng. , Ph. D. sut Sutrisno, Ir. , MSME, Ph. D. Eko Suwardi, Drs. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. spy Supriyadi, Drs. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. ms Mahfud Sholihin, SE. , M. Acc. , Ph. D. swr Sony Warsono, Drs. , MAFIS, Ph. D. swr Sony Warsono, Drs. , MAFIS, Ph. D. Slamet Sugiri, Drs. , M. B. A. , Dr. , Prof. frn Fuad Rakhman, S. E. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. sm Setiyono Miharjo, Drs. , MBA, Ph. D. ast Agus Setiawan, Drs. , M. Soc. Sc. , Ph. D en Ertambang Nahartyo, Drs. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. en Ertambang Nahartyo, Drs. M. Sc. , Ph. D. – Course overview bsd Basu Swastha Dh. , Drs. , MBA, Ph. D. , Prof. psp Prasetyo Soepono, Drs. , MA, MBA, Ph. D. , Prof. psp Prasety o Soepono, Drs. , MA, MBA, Ph. D. , Prof. – Demographical environment dhs Dewi Haryani Susilastuti, Dra. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. dhs Dewi Haryani Susilastuti, Dra. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. dhs Dewi Haryani Susilastuti, Dra. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. – Social environment da Djamaludin Ancok, Drs. , MA, Ph. D. , Prof. da Djamaludin Ancok, Drs. , MA, Ph. D. , Prof. da Djamaludin Ancok, Drs. , MA, Ph. D. , Prof. – Cultural environment dsy Djoko Suryo, MA. , Dr. , Prof. dsy Djoko Suryo, MA. , Dr. Prof. dsy Djoko Suryo, MA. , Dr. , Prof. – Domestic political environment Mohtar Masoed, MA. , Dr. , Prof. mmd Mohtar Masoed, MA. , Dr. , Prof. mmd Mohtar Masoed, MA. , Dr. , Prof. – International political environment mmd Mohtar Masoed, MA. , Dr. , Prof. mmd Mohtar Masoed, MA. , Dr. , Prof. mmd Mohtar Masoed, MA. , Dr. , Prof. – Natural environment sdt Shalihudin Djalal Tandjung, M. Sc. , Dr. , Prof. sdt Shalihudin Djalal Tandjung, M. Sc. , Dr. , Prof. sdt Shalihudin Djalal Tandjung, M. Sc. , Dr. , Prof. – Technological environment: Information Technology jei Jazi Eko Istiyanto, Drs. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. , Prof. jeiJazi Eko Istiyanto, Drs. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. , Prof. jei Jazi Eko Istiyanto, Drs. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. , Prof. – Technological environment: Processing technology krk Kapti Rahayu Kuswanto, Dr. , Prof. zpl Zuprizal, Dr. , Prof. zpl Zuprizal, Dr. , Prof. – Governmental environment po Poppy S. Winanti, SIP, MA, M. Ec. Dev. , Ph. D. po Poppy S. Winanti, SIP, MA, M. Ec. Dev. , Ph. D. po Poppy S. Winanti, SIP, MA, M. Ec. Dev. , Ph. D. – Economic development la Lincolin Arsyad, Drs. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. , Prof. la Lincolin Arsyad, Drs. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. , Prof. la Lincolin Arsyad, Drs. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. , Prof. – Regional economy twTri Widodo, S. E. , M. Ec. Dev. , Ph. D. , Prof. tw Tri Widodo, S. E. , M. Ec. Dev. , Ph. D. , Prof. tw Tri Widodo, S. E. , M. Ec. Dev. , Ph. D. , Prof. – Industry & sectoral policies 3|P a g e mmd mk Mudrajad Kuncoro, M. Soc. Sc. , Dr. , Prof. mk Mudrajad Kuncoro, M. Soc. Sc. , Dr. , Prof. mk Mudrajad Kuncoro, M. Soc. Sc. , Dr. , Prof. sa (Session 15 & 16) – Presentation and class discussion (Session 17 & 18) sa Sri Adiningsih, Dra. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. , Prof. sa Sri Adiningsih, Dra. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. , Prof. Basu Swastha Dharmmesta, Drs. , MBA. , Ph. D. , Prof. psp Prasetyo Soepono, Drs. , MA, MBA, Ph. D. , Prof. pspPrasetyo Soepono, Drs. , MA, MBA, Ph. D. , Prof. bsd – Presentation and class discussion Sri Adiningsih, Dra. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. , Prof. bsd – Monetary & fiscal policies Basu Swastha Dharmmesta, Drs. , MBA. , Ph. D. , Prof. psp Prasetyo Soepono, Drs. , MA, MBA, Ph. D. , Prof. psp Prasetyo Soepono, Drs. , MA, MBA, Ph. D. , Prof. Ida Rochani, Dra. , S. U. , Dr. ds Djoko Susanto, Drs. , M. S. A. , Ak. , Ph. D. , Prof. Basu Swastha Dh. , Drs. , MBA, Ph. D. , Prof. wnl I Wayan Nuka Lantara, S. E. , M. Si. , Ph. D. 11 BC Business Communicati on 59 3 42 ir Ida Rochani, Dra. , S. U. , Dr. 12 BRM Business Research Methods 59 3 42 zbZaki Baridwan, Drs. , M. Sc. , Ph. D. , Prof. 13 WT Workshop Thesis 59 1 42 14 TH Thesis 59 3 42 ir bsd The List of Lecturer of Concentration Class The period of February – July 2013 Nr. Course Batch Credit Session Lecturer 1 PTM Portfolio Management 60 3 42 sh Suad Husnan, Drs. , MBA, Ph. D. 2 MF Multinational Finance 59 3 42 ee Erni Ekawati, Dra. , M. B. A. , M. S. A. , Ph. D. 3 FRM Financial Risk Management 60 3 42 mh Mamduh M. Hanafi, Drs. , MBA, Ph. D. 4 CBA Consumer and Behavior Analysis 60 3 42 bsd Basu Swastha Dh. , Drs. , MBA, Ph. D. , Prof. 5 GM Global Marketing 59 & 60 3 42 baa Bayu Aji Aritejo, S. E. , M. M. , M.Si. , Ph. D. Cand. 6 Strategic Human Resource Management 3 42 sst Sari Sitalaksmi, SE, M. Mgt. , Ph. D. 7 OCD Organizational Change and Development 59 & 60 3 42 epn Edi Prasetyo Nugroho, Drs. , MBA. 8 SL Strategic Leadership 60 3 42 hsn Harsono, M. Sc. , DBA. 9 CS Corp orate Strategy 60 3 42 aw Amin Wibowo, Drs. , MBA, Ph. D. 10 ICA Industry and Competitive Analysis 59 3 42 adj Ahmad Djamli, Drs. , M. A. 11 BM Business Modeling 60 3 42 ni Nurul Indarti, SE, Siv. Ok. , Cand. Merc. , Ph. D. 12 4|P a g e SHRM 60 BP Business Plan 59 & 60 3 42 bst Bayu Sutikno, SE, MSM, Ph. D. Course Schedule Week 1 February 11 – 16, 2013 Monday 11No Time 1 07. 00–09. 30 2 10. 00–12. 30 3 13. 30–16. 00 4 16. 00–18. 30 No Time REG – INT CLASS 401 402 403 FM-A-61 sh 404 FM-C-61 et PRE-MM 405 412 BRM-A-59 zb 301 (A) GBE-60-Int CO bsd rr OM-C-61 sut 304 (C) 303 201 (A) 202 (B) 303 201 (A) 202 (B) GBE-60-B CO psp BRM-Int-59-60 zb BRM-C-59 wnl GBE-60-A CO bsd FM-Int-61 ma OB-B-61 302 (B) DIKNAS II BC-Int-59-60 ds GBE-60-B RE tw GBE-60-A MFP sa GBE-60-C CO psp GBE-60-C RE tw GBE-60-Int MFP sa Tuesday 12 401 402 BE-B-61 spy 403 MM-C-61 tb 404 BE-Int-61 dhs 405 412 BC-C-59 ds 301 (A) 302 (B) 304 (C) GBE-60-Int ED la GBE-60-A SE da GBE-6 0-B CE dsy GBE-60-C DPE mmd BRM-A wnlGBE-60-Int DPE mmd GBE-60-A ED la GBE-60-B SE da GBE-60-C CE dsy BRM-A wnl GBE-60-C MFP sa 1 07. 00–09. 30 2 10. 00–12. 30 3 13. 30–16. 00 GBE-60-Int PT krk GBE-60-A RE tw GBE-60-B ISP mk 4 16. 00–18. 30 GBE-60-Int RE tw GBE-60-A PT krk GBE-60-B MFP sa No Time LI-B gk BL-A-61 mf BL-B-61 hwn BL-Int-61 pps MF-59 ee Wednesday 13 401 402 403 404 BL-C-61 hwn 1 07. 00–09. 30 2 10. 00–12. 30 OB-A-61 epn FM-B-61 sum 3 13. 30–16. 00 OM-A-61 bdh BP-59-60 bst 4 Time 1 07. 00–09. 30 BE-A-61 es 2 10. 00–12. 30 MM-A-61 ssn 3 13. 30–16. 00 4 16. 00–18. 30 No Time 412 BRM-B-59 bsd 301 (A) 302 (B) 304 (C) GBE-60-Int CE dsy GBE-60-A DPE mmdGBE-60-B DE dhs GBE-60-C SE da 303 LI-A GBE-60-Int SE da GBE-60-A CE dsy GBE-60-B DPE mmd GBE-60-C DE dhs LI-A 301 (A) 302 (B) 304 (C) GBE-60-A GE po GBE-60-B ED la GBE-60-C ISP mk GBE-60-B GE po GBE-60-C ED la 201 (A) 202 (B) hh LI-B gk hh BRM-B iwk 16 . 00–18. 30 No 405 MM-Int-61 ssn GM-59-60 baa ICA-59 OB-Int-61 sst OCD-59-60 epn adj Thursday 14 401 402 403 404 OM-B-61 khw 405 412 BC-A-59 ir BE-C-61 ms OM-Int-61 wsc BC-B-59 ir GBE-60-Int ISP mk GBE-60-Int IPE mmd GBE-60-A NE sdt GBE-60-B IT jei GBE-60-A IPE mmd GBE-60-B NE sdt 302 (B) 304 (C) 202 (B) BRM-B iwk GBE-60-C IT jei 301 (A) 201 (A) GBE-60-C PT zpl GBE-60-Int GE wk

Current Political Situation of Pakistan: Overview Essay

The article initially provides a brief overview about current political situation of Pakistan. Pakistan is a developing country and it is politically unstable but we live in the world where everything is possible. Democratic governments have always failed to complete their tenure which eventually results in a long lasting dictatorship reign. In Pakistani politics, there is a clear domination by few families only and these families have never produced long lasting fruitful results. The political system has been stagnant since 70†²s and no drastic change has taken place. The chair of head of state has been a war between the head of the army staff and a few noticeable political leaders. Who has suffered? Well, you guessed it right, the nation! Pakistani Politics Current Situation If we observe the political situation of Pakistan, much of the politics is based on different ethnic groups. It’s fair to say that the current political situation of Pakistan is in dire need of substantial changes if we compare it to the political systems of leading nations in the world. Role of Political Parties in Pakistan Pakistani PoliticsAlmost every party represents a particular ethnic group, therefore no party has got the support in every region because the role of political parties in Pakistan is very much based upon different ethnic groups they represent. This is one of the major reasons of slow development in some specific areas as compared to others. There are a number key problems in political system of Pakistan, & the list grows on and on with every passing minute. Read the News: Nawaz Sharif has become a better person Nawaz Sharif demands America to stop drone strikesReal Face of Mian Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto High Court appraises Mian Shahbaz Sharif’s Dengue work PML (N) MPA arrives at Assembly Hall on motorcycle to take oath Nawaz Sharif: Corruption would not be tolerated Shahbaz Sharif: We would continue from where we left off Shahbaz Sharif: Our government would reduce expenditures Dr Abdul Qadir Khan: PPP was corrupt where as Shahbaz Sharif did development work Pakistan to produce electricity from Coal, orders Nawaz Pakistani Politics Pakistani politics has started to take an adverse route as the layman pursues to struggle in the rut. The current situation in Karachi and Baluchistan is worse than ever. The blame of these riots clearly is on politicians who are just manipulating different groups to get benefits for themselves. If the current political situation in Pakistan does not change, the country would keep on suffering at the hands of monarchs and waderas! The role of youth in politics seems to be missing in this scenario and needs to be looked upon if the country is to strive for betterment. One possible solution for the underlying problem is to improve the problems of education system that erodes as every day falls behind. â€Å"Words, without power, is mere philosophy† Let’s join hands, let’s walk together, let’s make Pakistan a better nation!

Standard and Normal Excel Distribution Calculations

Standard and Normal Excel Distribution Calculations Nearly any statistical software package can be used for calculations concerning a normal distribution, more commonly known as a bell curve.  Excel is equipped with a multitude of statistical tables and formulas, and it is quite straightforward to use one of its functions for a normal distribution.  We will see how to use the NORM.DIST and the NORM.S.DIST functions in Excel. Normal Distributions There is an infinite number of normal distributions. A normal distribution is defined by a particular function in which two values have been determined: the mean and the standard deviation. The mean is any real number that indicates the center of the distribution. The standard deviation is a positive real number that is a measurement of how spread out the distribution is. Once we know the values of the mean and standard deviation, the particular normal distribution that we are using has been completely determined. The standard normal distribution is one special distribution out of the infinite number of normal distributions. The standard normal distribution has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Any normal distribution can be standardized to the standard normal distribution by a simple formula. This is why, typically, the only normal distribution with tabled values is that of the standard normal distribution. This type of table is sometimes referred to as a table of z-scores. NORM.S.DIST The first Excel function that we will examine is the NORM.S.DIST function. This function returns the standard normal distribution. There are two arguments required for the function: â€Å"z† and â€Å"cumulative.† The first argument of z is the number of standard deviations away from the mean. So,  z -1.5 is one and a half standard deviations below the mean. The z-score of z 2 is two standard deviations above the mean. The second argument is that of â€Å"cumulative.† There are two possible values that can be entered here: 0 for the value of the probability density function and 1 for the value of the cumulative distribution function. To determine the area under the curve, we will want to enter a 1 here. Example To help to understand how this function works, we will look at an example. If we click on a cell and enter NORM.S.DIST(.25, 1), after hitting enter the cell will contain the value 0.5987, which has been rounded to four decimal places. What does this mean? There are two interpretations. The first is that the area under the curve for z less than or equal to 0.25 is 0.5987. The second interpretation is that 59.87 percent of the area under the curve for the standard normal distribution occurs when z is less than or equal to 0.25. NORM.DIST The second Excel function that we will look at is the NORM.DIST function. This function returns the normal distribution for a specified mean and standard deviation. There are four arguments required for the function: â€Å"x,† â€Å"mean,† â€Å"standard deviation,† and â€Å"cumulative.† The first argument of x is the observed value of our distribution. The mean and standard deviation are self-explanatory. The last argument of â€Å"cumulative† is identical to that of the NORM.S.DIST function. Example To help to understand how this function works, we will look at an example. If we click on a cell and enter NORM.DIST(9, 6, 12, 1), after hitting enter the cell will contain the value 0.5987, which has been rounded to four decimal places. What does this mean? The values of the arguments tell us that we are working with the normal distribution that has a mean of 6 and a standard deviation of 12. We are trying to determine what percentage of the distribution occurs for x less than or equal to 9. Equivalently, we want the area under the curve of this particular normal distribution and to the left of the vertical line x 9. NORM.S.DIST vs NORM.DIST There are a couple of things to note in the above calculations. We see that the result for each of these calculations was identical. This is because 9 is 0.25 standard deviations above the mean of 6. We could have first converted x 9 into a z-score of 0.25, but the software does this for us. The other thing to note is that we really don’t need both of these formulas. NORM.S.DIST is a special case of NORM.DIST. If we let the mean equal 0 and the standard deviation equal 1, then the calculations for NORM.DIST match those of NORM.S.DIST. For example, NORM.DIST(2, 0, 1, 1) NORM.S.DIST(2, 1).

Organisational Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Organisational Ethics - Essay Example qualified financial advisors who visit potential customers at their location, at their convenience, and provide them with all the banking services and products that they may require. Normally, the management is interested in organization mainly from an instrumental point of view. For a company organization is a means to an end in order to achieve its goals. In this sense, organizations can be distinguished into two fundamentally different sets of objectives: The team of financial advisors is highly focused, trained up and very aggressive sellers, they concentrate on non walk-in customers and their objective is the selling of business loans. Increasing competition in the marketplace combined with rather draconian cultural internal problems such as bureaucracy, poor communication, and perceived lack of personal job advancement possibilities has led the employees to high levels of frustration many times in the past. ‘All organisations begin with some sort of Vision, an initial spark which causes its creation. The organisation’s Vision is essentially the dream which unites a core group of people and inspires them to try and make the dream a reality.’ We can say that Open24 has a vision on what it wants to achieve in the near future. All employees work towards these visions and indeed if they work as group, then there is no reason as to why they should not achieve their organisational goals. Open24 organisation’s purpose grew from their vision and in articulating its mission; they should have stated how it will seek to bring the vision to reality. ‘It is stating what its ‘Unique reason for being’ is, and what the values are that will give meaning to its purpose.’ (Ping, 1996) When it comes to organisational ethics, it is here in the mission statement that the seed is planted which gives rise to the ‘shared set of beliefs’ that will determine the organisation’s climate of opinion. (Ping, 1996) Indeed without open and honest internal

Social Psychology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Social Psychology - Assignment Example The people of different races are provided equal access to education and job opportunities. It is largely believed that the provision of equal opportunities would increase the tolerance level and a feeling of fraternity between different races. However racism and discrimination is realities that do exist at some level till date. We still have a long way to go. The results of the Clarke and Clark study demonstrated that young African American children in segregated school gave priority to the white dolls over the black dolls as opposed to children in integrated schools. It is said to reflect the low self esteem, self depreciation and self-hate amongst the children as a function of the segregation. This experiment practically demonstrates that the young children are taught from the beginning to accept and endorse the separation and inequality on the basis of their skin color alone. The children by choosing to opt for the white doll negated the principle of humanity that should be followed at all costs. The young and impressionable minds learned from an early age that they were inferior to their white counterparts. The effects of discrimination in the personality development and the over all perception of on life is drastic because they happen at such an early influence able stage (Killen and Levi, 2010). The black people who tend to face discrimination have such low self esteem that they are known to settle for jobs which pays inadequately. On top of dealing with the inner demons, the black people also have to overcome many a mental stereotypes and a substandard preformed ideology about them at the societal level. Their feelings of self worth is further depreciated and infringed when they are discriminated and segregated at a larger scale. According to the experiment of Clarke and Clark the segregation and discrimination at an early point in life