Family seperation Essay

Despite the fact that in this scene they disturb the instructor Linda doesn’t fantasy about swearing at the educator and thinks that its difficult to consider the educator a name, she falters and comes out with â€Å"you large worm† yet in Edwards scene in a courteous way he swears at the educator have all the fortitude this is unexpected. The issue of organizing different areas: Me and my gathering carried on pg 47 which indicated various areas. Mrs Johnstone starts with discussing kids including her child she is portraying this. And afterward once she has completed the scene cuts and goes straight into Mrs Lyons instructing Edward to move. Since these scenes where so near one another as a gathering we concluded that for this to be viable we would have the entire scene with a power outage with just a focus on Mrs Johnstone and Mickey first. At that point After Mrs Johnstone and Mickey get done with talking we would quickly change the spotlight to Mrs Lyons and Edward. By doing this make the scene significantly more powerful than strolling on and off stage moving props ect. The three scenes we picked where: In the emergency clinic Where Mrs Johnstone has quite recently had the two young men and Mrs Lyons takes one of them.  When Mickey is captured. Mickey is informed by Mrs Lyons regarding Linda and Edward. These scenes are fundamental supposing that these scenes didn’t happen then the entire plot could never have occurred. These scenes influence the primary characters and are what the novel is about. The First scene: The scene starts with Mrs Johnstone holding her new conceived youngsters, conversing with an attendant that comes in this develops. Mrs Lyons enters and takes one of the twin young men. On the off chance that this scene didn’t occur, at that point the two young men could never had been isolated and Mickey could never have been captured and experienced his downturn. This scene is the thing that makes the story and without it the story would have never occurred and furthermore the last scene which two is very significant. The subsequent scene: This is the start of Mickey’s purpose behind despondency. The scene begins with Mickey and Sam submitting a burglary and Mickey is captured. He turns out to be intellectually sick and can't get things done for himself. He gets dependent on his enemy of gloom tablets. After this Linda cannot adapt and goes to Edward whom both appear to get exceptionally close, Mickey learns of this and the development of the last scene. With out this scene the last scene would not have occurred. The last scene: This scene is the place Mrs Lyons tells Mickey of Linda and Edwards’s selling out, from the start Mickey doesn’t trust it however Mrs Lyons makes it a stride further and demonstrates it. This is a turn in light of the fact that in the play you see Mrs Lyons emotions towards her child and you believe that they have a solid bond and a decent mother and child relationship. Be that as it may, from this scene you can plainly observe there’s an envy. Mickey can’t take any longer and has endured enough as of now so he takes the weapon which the burglary had been submitted and sets out toward the court. This is the place the last scene happens. This is a critical in light of the fact that this is the last scene without this scene; the closure of the play would not be so powerful in view of what Mrs Lyons and Mrs Johnstone where talking about. The closure of the play is all to do with odd notion. In this activity we took a gander at the issues of joblessness, jail, treachery, illicit drug use and firearm wrongdoing. These are only a portion of the things that the character of Mickey needs to experience in the assume nut in the pretends/portrayal we needed to show the tales from the different people’s viewpoint. Joblessness: I discovered that by not having capabilities it isn't so natural to find a new line of work. Likewise as an individual I saw that individuals aren’t so friendly and pending with regards to employments and joblessness, when acting this out the lady at the particular employment community was preference against them, she was discourteous and vain. In the event that I was that individual searching for an occupation, I would be exceptionally discouraged and feel futile as a result of the little choices I had. In the play Mickey should show his downturn through his non-verbal communication, he ought to walk in reverse and advances to show he’s thinking and anxious. By doing a great deal of development shows thought and disappointment. Continually putting his hand all over and inclining toward things to show he needs support. His manner of speaking ought to be delayed to show wretchedness. Jail: I discovered that the greater part of the individuals that are in jail are on the whole average workers or lower class individuals. By this I could see that these individuals go to wrongdoing in a frantic endeavor to have some cash, or to have a food or garments. When the detainee is sans let they have an a lot lesser possibility of procuring cash and the entire thing is simply rehashed. In the event that I was the offspring of my mom and Father I realize that they would feel humiliated and embarrassed about me thus I wouldn’t have the option to confront them. I imagine that I would embarrassed to. In this circumstance Mickey should feels terrified and scared and powerless. He would do this idea outward appearances, checking out a great deal and maybe crying as well. Selling out: In the play there’s various occasions where Mickey is be exchange. By this I discovered that selling out is for the most part lying and getting things done behind people’s backs. In the play Mickey is be exchange by Linda and Edward, and by his mom. In the event that somebody was selling out me I would feel hurt and furious, I figure I would likewise yell a great deal. Mickey’s development and motions would be huge and overstated. He should show his displeasure through outward appearances and development. Illicit drug use: I could perceive how simple chronic drug use is. It spins a ton around your past and originates from the issues I’m discussing (joblessness, jail, disloyalty, firearm wrongdoing). The vast majority go to drugs since they don't have anything else to go to and this likewise should be possible through dock pressure. In the event that I was a relative I would do everything I can to help them through this. Mickey’s development ought to be moderate, and very little development by any stretch of the imagination. He ought to be still and dream a great deal. Firearm Crime: From this I discovered that wrongdoing was carried out by for the most part guys who where unfit to adapt and had cash issues, they where additionally youngsters, and youthful grown-ups and some moderately aged. What's more, a ton of the time the wrongdoing would be submitted where there was a store of cash. In the event that I was the mother of my kid who had perpetrated a wrongdoing I would be aggravated, and communicate through my tone I would do a ton of yelling as well. I would feel that it was my flaw in the manner I had raised my youngster. Mickey ought to be apprehensive and stroll around a great deal, he ought to talk rapidly and be powerless and his voice ought to be slurred. I think kindred spirits is a sad parody as indicated by the definitions. I feel that it is a shocking parody on the grounds that the two viewpoints exist. There’s a great deal of parody in the play like when the study hall scene occurs. Edward is exceptionally unrivaled and the path he back talks the instructor is stunning yet diverting. Despite the fact that in Mickey’s scene there lower class they still didn’t dare swear at the educator and the main thing Linda can come out with is â€Å"you huge worm†. Likewise the scene where Mickey and Edward meet just because. There both exceptionally inquisitive and the manner in which they manage it is amusing. Despite the fact that their physical distinction is exceptionally clear there’s a ton that they don’t acknowledge they share for all intents and purpose they differentiate significantly. The catastrophe pretty much comes toward the end. What's more, by the play being a terrible satire is considerably more reasonable and pleasant to watch.

Swot Analysis of McDonald’s Essay Sample free essay sample

A SWOT examination of McDonalds eating house industry uncovers that they have a group of qualities. failings. possibilities and hazards. To get down 3 qualities would incorporate exchange name names. areas and limited bill of passage alternatives. Brand purposes of McDonalds keep up the opposition from replicating their stocks. for delineation. the cheerful repast. Huge Mac. egg McMuffin are all exchange name purposes of McDonalds. McDonalds keeps up 42 % of the United States beefburger concern. Area is ever cardinal. McDonalds has 32. 478 eating houses in 177 states ( McDonalds. com ) . McDonalds’ restricted bill of admission alternatives adjust to their area. for representation. in India and the Middle East they serve sheep Burgers. Failings would incorporate worker turnover. money related estimation of characteristic stuffs. fluctuating working disbursals and net overall gains. Worker turnover will be the business more in growing new representatives. McDonalds is a quick supplement eating house. they draw in the work of youths and juvenile adults. The money related estimation of regular stuffs, for example, maize and wheat vary with the monetary framework. We will compose a custom paper test on Swot Analysis of McDonald’s Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Increasing expense in stuffs. in twist cost the organization more. Fluctuating working and net total compensations from 2007-2009 went from 3. 870. 000 out of 2007 and 6. 841. 000 of every 2009 for their working disbursal. A major expansion in cost cut total compensations ( McDonalds. com. p. 10 ) . Overall gain for the regular mature ages was 2. 395. 000 †4. 551. 000 of every 2009 ( McDonalds. com. p. 10 ) . Next we take a gander at possibilities. Numerous new stocks are being put on McDonald’s tab of charge each twelvemonth. [ McDonalds keep on executing our four developing foundation of breakfast. convience. core bill of toll and worth. Practically identical gross incomes rose 3. 4 % mainly due to the on-going motivation of our anxiety in Australia where numerous undertakings environing menu collection incorporate the dispatch of the top notch Angus Og Burger. more noteworthy convience and remaining more distant fortified our exchange name importance ] ( McDonalds. com. p. 10 ) . Bing ready to keep up financial qualities down for the customers improved McDonald’s net gain outskirt to 30. 1 % in 2009 ( McDonalds. com. p. 10 ) . Last the choice of allergen free supplement focuses, for example, gluten free and unimportant free is an extraordinary possibility for McDonald’s. It open the opportunity to infer more customers to build net. Last are hazards that McDonald’s need to propose with. First the cognizance of eating wonts have eliminated individuals buying Burger and french friess. People groups have gotten progressively aware of their eating wonts and try to remove the fats of their eating regimens. The meatiness rate in the US develops each twenty-four hours. Second. numerous new gobbling houses opening up with minimal effort. other than offering esteem menu’s can imperil net. Third. pollute of supplement, for example, E Coli would shut down concern and as expression of oral depression voyaged. individuals would hold a dread of obtaining sick. They would hold to do certain wellbeing shields were followed to thwart this from go oning. Affirmation of Learning Exercise 1B 1. Purchasing competitors’ deny †E. L2. Dismembering competitors’ stocks †U. L3. Taking competitors’ works visits secretly †L. U4. Tallying tractor-trailer trucks go forthing competitors’ filling coves †E. L 5. Examining flying presentation of competitors’ establishments †E. L 6. Breaking down competitors’ work contracts †E. L7. Breaking down competitors’ help-needed advertisements †E. L8. Quizing customers and buyers about the gross incomes of competitors’ stocks †E. L 9. Invading customers’ and competitors’ concern tasks †U. I 10. Quizing suppliers about competitors’ level of manufacturing †E. L 11. Utilizing customers to buy out counterfeit orders †U. I 12. Elevating cardinal customers to reveal competitory data †U. L 13. Quizing competitors’ previous representatives †U. L14. Talking consultants who may hold worked with rivals †U. L 15. Employing cardinal chiefs off from rivals †U. L16. Leading fake occupation meetings to gain competitors’ workers to reveal data †U. I 17. Sending applied researchers to stock gatherings to test competitors’ capable workers †U. L 18. Quizing potential representatives who worked for or with rivals †U. L Affirmation of Learning Exercise 1B. ( Steps 1-2 )External Opportunities External Threats 1. Web Coursea 1. Contending Universities2. Innovation in the DLP 2. Other on line classs3. Grow Students spiritualty 3. Government Support4. School Of Law opening 4. Rivalry for pupils5. All the more huge understudies come ining school 5. Not bounty degree looking for understudies Inner StrengthsInternal Failings1. Staff 1. Extending social assorted variety of students 2. Educational program 2. Require to the full coordinate building 3. Advantageous Class plans 3. Affordability4. Grounds Infrastructure 4. Understudy Recruitment5. Innovation 5. Serious Faculty Wages Affirmation of Learning Exercise 1D. ( Step 1-2 ) The site ceoexperess. com has numerous apparatuses and connections to gracefully up to day of the month and past data on concerns. I feel that the region of this site would help me the most for this class would be the organization explore region. This development has industry explicit chases. Vital Management other than manages study. so the one-year contemplates region would come in prepared to hand. There are a lot more regions to the organization explore development that gives a brigade of data. The entirety of this data would regard my classification. I could travel tone webpage and execute my chases on a trustworthy site. The Standard A ; Poor’s assessment administrations is other than in this region. This development would let one to dish corporate administrations, for example, acknowledgment assessments. counter gathering acknowledgment assessment and bank advance and recuperation assessment. Research should be trustworthy and this site is extremely reliable on organiza tion data. There is other than a tip region that has tips on referencing beginnings. In this development it gives you course to APA and MLA habits and literary theft. Getting mindful of the guidelines of initiation will keep up your reports your and offer acknowledgment to the individuals who merit the acknowledgment. The various developments have so much data accessible. The exchange region is other than on this site. This would let one to keep up to day of the month on the exchange showcase. The organization look into region in twist would flexibly one with the data that one needs to make their archives. Ceoexpress webite is non just and profound well of data. that data is other than trustworthy. Key Management is an extremely driven classification. also, perusing concentrates from this site gives you a full extent of what the organization you are inquiring about is all roughly. This data is refreshed as data comes in. So you ever have current informations. Notice ( 2009 ) . McDonalds Annual investigation. Mcdonalds. Recovered from hypertext move convention:/www. aboutmcdonalds. com/content/dam/AboutMcDonalds/Investors/C-% 5Cfakepath % 5Cinvestors-2009-yearly report. pdf

Happy November 1st!

Happy November 1st! Lots of people thanked me for my application advice, for which you are all very welcome. I hope it helped you chill a little about the whole thing. There will be plenty of time to go crazy and lose sleep once you get to college. =) Also, Sam asked: I just wanted to know how MIT handles research with freshman. Do they get to use the same facilities as graduate students? Have you or any of your friends started researching for any of the despartments? So UROPs are pretty cool, or so Im told, since I dont actually have one. I do know a freshman or two who has already secured one, and Im pretty sure they basically have the same lab space as grad students. The thing is, UROPs can be anything, really. Im sure sometimes undergrads and grad students work together on them. Right. Ill shut up now, since I dont actually know what Im talking about, but go check out Meliss UROP blog, which conveniently focuses on exactly what youre asking about. In other news, yesterday was Halloween, and I hope it treated everyone well! A couple of entries ago I told you all I wouldnt have amusing Halloween costume stories to share unless you gave me awesome ideas. Considering only one person responded, I only feel guilty towards that one person- because I have a really lame story to tell. In fact, Im embarassed just thinking about it. The thing is, most Halloween parties were on Friday and Saturday night, and, well, I didnt go to any of them, for one thing. Sorry to disappoint, but I guess I didnt really get into the Halloween spirit too much this year. Matt suggested that I dress up as an iPod, which was cool in a way, but there was no way that was going to happen. The suggestion about dressing all in black and holding an iPod, like those figures in the commercials, was pretty cool too.but also not going to happen. I decided to play it all very low-key for the actual day of Halloween. I basically dressed in an outfit that looked completely normal. In fact, it was completely normal. But I had an explanation for a hidden costume all worked out, just in case anyone gave me a hard time about not dressing up. Ready for it? I was a 5600 Mega-ohm resistor Plus or minus 10%. (Check out info about resistor color codes if you dont get it.) Please keep in mind that this wasnt an actual costume, I did not put considerable thought into this, and I didnt actually go around telling people Hey! Im a resistor for Halloween! What are you? It was more of a well-planned outfit that I could conveniently use to be a smart alec to anyone who gave me a hard time about my lack of costume. That said, let the tomato throwing commence.

Marketing Strategy Healthy Food And Ethnic /...

The Marketing Strategy Through my research and analysis on consumer reports and surveys, I demonstrated healthy food and ethnic/international food is becoming mega-trend in the current food industry. Despite the number of Korean restaurants and food products are limited, a variety of consumer surveys’ result reveal that Korean food is getting big and many young generations want to try more kinds of Korean food items. Given the good timing for Korean food restaurants or food brands to widen their business in the US market, I decided to develop my brand as a Korean food brand. 1. Brand Concept: Korean food brand - Localized Flavor + Authentic Korean brand Consumers answered that they are willing to try more authentic cuisines. To†¦show more content†¦Also, it reveals that Asian food is popular menu for American’s daily meal choice as 79% of people replied that they had Asian food in past three months. 2. Target Segmentation: Millennials / East West Coast / Urban - Millennials are the generation who are the most open to ethnic cuisine and have an adventurous appetite toward new types of food. According to the survey, 42% of millennials and younger generations are already familiar with Korean food. Despite young generation, older generation, such as Baby Boomer, are likely to have less interest in Korean food, the marketing strategy will mainly focus on millennials. - Customer archetype (based on the demographic analysis of the consumer survey conducted by Mintel, April 2015) : non-Hispanic White millennials (25-39), who live in urban area in East coast or West coast, work full-time, earn over $50,000, hold college associates degree or higher education levels, and use social media actively (1.Facebook, 2.Youtube, 3. Twitter, 4. Google+. 5. 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Consumer Lifestyle in Singapore - 35714 Words

CONSUMER LIFESTYLES IN SINGAPORE Euromonitor International December 2012 CONSUMER LIFESTYLES IN SINGAPORE Passport I LIST OF CONTENTS AND TABLES Consumer Habits in Context......................................................................................................... 1 Current Behaviour Within the Broader Economic Climate ........................................................ 1 Consumer Confidence .............................................................................................................. 2 Misery Index ............................................................................................................................. 2 Chart 1 Misery Index 2007-2012†¦show more content†¦23 Attitudes Towards Drinking ..................................................................................................... 23 Drinking Inside the Home ....................................................................................................... 24 Drinking Outside the Home ..................................................................................................... 25 Chart 9 Chart 10 P er Capita Consumption of Alcoholic Drinks and Soft Drinks by Category 2011............................................................................................ 25 Regional Ranking of Alcoholic Drinks Consumption: Off-trade vs Ontrade 2011 .................................................................................................. 26 Grooming Habits ........................................................................................................................ 27 Attitudes Towards Personal Care ........................................................................................... 27 Attitudes Towards Beauty ....................................................................................................... 28 Male Grooming ....................................................................................................................... 29  © Euromonitor International CONSUMER LIFESTYLES IN SINGAPORE Passport II Use of Hair Care Salons, Spas, Nail and Beauty ParloursShow MoreRelatedWhy Singapore Attracts Foreign Entrepreneurs and Firms720 Words   |  3 PagesWhy Singapore Attracts Foreign Entrepreneurs and Firms? 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Sunshine Chapter 27 Free Essays

A hiss? I’d heard Con hiss – vampires did hiss. The giggler had hissed. It was a horrible noise even from a†¦an everyday, an every-night vampire. We will write a custom essay sample on Sunshine Chapter 27 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was much worse from Bo, as everything about Bo was worse. But was it a hiss? Or was it his attempt to say my name? I was back at the lake, where it all began. The sun flamed outside the house. The lake water lapped at the shore. For that first time I heard my tree: Yesssss. Perhaps there had been a doe standing in that forest, looking through the trees at the house, on her way home, to some dappled place where she would doze till sunset. Beauregard! I shouted. I destroy you! And I put my hands into the mire of his chest, and wrenched out his heart. The sky was falling. Ah. Okay. Skies don’t fall; therefore I was dead. I’d kind of expected to be dead. I felt rather comfortable, really. Relieved. Did that mean I’d succeeded? Succeeded in what? There’d been something I’d been desperate to do before I checked out for the last time†¦couldn’t quite remember†¦ Why can’t you leave me alone? There is a lot of noise. Shouldn’t be able to hear anyone saying my name. So, I’m not hearing someone saying my name. So go away, damn it. I don’t want to be here, shivering in this polluted body. My hands†¦my hands†¦touched†¦I won’t remember. I’m not dead yet, I thought composedly, but I am dying. Good. I don’t want to spend the rest of my life being careful not to remember. I hope I did whatever it was I wanted to do first. Maybe I could go back just long enough to find out. Con, on his hands and knees, crouched over me. The floor shook under us, and there was a lot of†¦stuff†¦falling down and flying around. Not a good place to be, unless you were dying, which I was. Con, I wanted to say, don’t bother. Let one of these flying chunks of something or other finish the job. I’m tired, and I don’t want to hang around. My hands†¦ â€Å"Sunshine,† he said. â€Å"We have to get out of here. Listen to me. You have undone Bo; he cannot put himself back together. You have succeeded. This is your victory. But there is much of his – his animus – released by the final destruction of his body. This place is being pulled to pieces. I cannot carry you through this. Sunshine, listen to me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I was drifting off again. I paused in the drift, momentarily caught by the sound of Con’s voice. He sounded positively†¦emotional. I wanted to laugh, but I didn’t have the energy. I began to drift again. I felt him lift me up – I wanted to struggle; leave me alone – but I didn’t have the energy for that either. He rearranged me, leaning against him, one arm around me, the other hand cradling my head, tipping it toward his body†¦ Blood. Blood in my mouth. Again. No I wanted to struggle: I did want to. I could have not swallowed. I could have let it run back out of my mouth again: Con’s blood. This wasn’t the blood of a deer, this time, a mortal creature, killed for me, killed because she was like me, more like me than a vampire. Less like me than a vampire, perhaps, by the fact of her death, by the fact that the recently life-warm blood of her had saved my life. That had been a long time ago. I hadn’t known what was going on, that time. I knew well enough this time. This was Con’s heart’s blood. The heart’s blood of a vampire. When did I cross the irrevocable line: when I drove out to the lake, when I tucked my little knife into my bra, when I transmuted it into a key, when I unlocked my shackle, when I unlocked Con’s? When I took him into the daylight, and stopped it from burning him? When he saved my life by the death of a doe? When I discovered I could destroy a vampire with my hands? When I destroyed Bo with those hands? Or when I agreed to live, by drinking Con’s heart’s blood? I don’t know what happened at the foot of the dais, when Bo’s crack troop set on Con while I was climbing the stairs. I don’t know if what I saw was entirely some mirage of Bo’s, to confound and weaken me, or whether something like it did happen. I would rather think that some of it did happen. That the wound in his chest was already there when he pressed my mouth against it. This was no mere flesh wound, this time, no tiny slash from a tiny blade. I did not want to think of him sinking his own fingers, tearing his own†¦ I lifted my head with a gasp, and began to struggle to my feet. He eeled up beside me: still that vampire fluency, even after everything that had happened. Even with that wound in his chest. He took my hand again, and we ran. It takes some coordination, running while holding someone’s hand, but if you can get it right, every time your linked hands swing forward you get a little extra force for that stride. Some of that was the vampire cocktail I had just swallowed; it coursed through me, giving me a strength I knew didn’t belong to me, shouldn’t belong to me – shouldn’t be letting me keep struggling, letting me run, letting me use my poisoned hands. Clinging to his hand too, or perhaps his clinging to mine, let me stop thinking about what my hands had recently been doing. So, would it have been better to die? Too much has happened since my last sunset. Con may be right that I cannot be turned, and that it won’t be the daylight that kills me, but the touch of the real world will, whatever the sun is doing. I missed the little hot lump of the seal against my leg. The chain swept back and forth across my breast in time with my running footsteps, but slowly, weighted by the thick poisoned blood of the reopened scar. My sun-self, my tree-self, my deer-self. Don’t they outweigh the dark self? Not any more. We ran, and a wind like the end of the world howled around us, and huge fragments of machinery, having crumbled apart and fallen, were yanked up again and tossed like bits of paper. I think the roof was caving in as well; it was a little hard to differentiate. There was no trail to follow, of dismembered vampire remains or anything else; I don’t know how Con knew which way to run, but he seemed to, and I ran because he was running, because it seems like a good thing to do when hunks of flying metal the size of small buses are razoring through the air around you, even though I suppose you’re as likely to run into the wrong place at the wrong time as you are to have lingered in the wrong place at the wrong time if you were moving more slowly. For the moment, for just this moment of running, I seemed to be committed to the idea of trying to stay alive. Then we were actually running down something that looked like a corridor, toward something that looked like double swinging doors. We put our unlinked hands forward to push through, and for a miracle the doors swung back, like normal doors in the real world are supposed to do. We were outside, outside, in No Town, under a night sky, breathing real air. Maybe I didn’t have time to die, when I ran back into the real world. Or maybe I was too surprised. We ran straight into the arms of a division of SOF. In a way I was lucky: they recognized me almost immediately. I was hysterical; this was definitely one thing too many, and when I got grabbed by three guys I did one of them some damage before the other two got a bind on me. I couldn’t bear the touch of – well, of flesh – against mine, especially against my hands, so it’s a good thing they had a bind ready, rather than the old-fashioned routine of spread out on the ground with my hands twisted up behind my back. The bind should have stopped me cold, but I was still full of adrenaline, or dark blood, or the remains of the strength the light-web had gathered for me, or poison, or whatever you like, and I thrashed and squirmed like someone having a fit for a minute or two before it stopped me. By which time I’d heard a half-familiar voice say, â€Å"Wait a minute, isn’t that – that’s Rae, from Charlie’s, remember, she – â€Å" You have to hand it to the SOF training drill. A madwoman covered in blood runs out of nowhere, promptly tries to maim one of your teammates, and then goes off in fits, and this guy had enough presence of mind to make an ID. And then a completely familiar voice, now kneeling beside me as I panted inside the fully expanded bind, saying, â€Å"Sunshine. Sunshine. Can you hear me?† I could. Just. His voice sounded like it was coming through a filter, or a bad phone connection, which might have been the bind. I don’t think it was, but it might have been. The person saying â€Å"Sunshine, can you hear me?† was Pat. I nodded. I wasn’t ready to try and say anything. I’m not sure a nod from a person in a bind is very recognizable, but Pat got it. â€Å"I can let you out of the bind if you promise – if you’re okay now.† I thought about it. I was lying on the ground. A good bind will prevent you hurting yourself as well as hurting anyone else, and I didn’t seem a whole lot worse than I’d been before SOF grabbed me. And from inside a bind you don’t have any responsibilities. Did I want to be let out? Gods and angels, what was happening to Con? SOF knew me; they might listen to me. I couldn’t do Con any good foaming at the mouth and being a loony. Couldn’t afford to die yet either. First I owed it to him to get him out of this. If they hadn’t staked him already. Urgency shot through me, tying some of the scattered bits of my personality and will together again. Granny knots probably, but hey. I said as calmly as I could, â€Å"Yes. Okay. I’m a little – dizzy.† Pat patted the bind where my shoulder was, and then pulled its plug. It twumped and collapsed. He made to take my arm, help me to stand up, but I flinched away, saying, â€Å"Please don’t touch me.† He nodded, but I could see he was worried – the way I must look would worry anyone – and the way the little ring of SOFs around us moved, they were ready to drop me again at the first sign of new trouble. I turned slowly around – I was dizzy, and I didn’t want anyone alarmed into doing something I would regret – and looked for Con. He’d apparently taken capture more quietly. He was standing, watching me. They had handcuffs on him. Handcuffs. You don’t handcuff a vampire – well, there are sucker cuffs, but these were ordinary ones. From where I stood I didn’t think there were even any ward signs on them. A vampire could break out of ordinary cuffs like a human might break out of a doughnut. I’m not usually a very good liar. Whatever I’m thinking shows on my face. I hoped it wasn’t on my face Hey you halfwits you’ve put cuffs on a vampire. I hope I only looked confused and dizzy. I certainly felt confused and dizzy. â€Å"You okay?† I managed. Con nodded. He looked a little peculiar, but it had been a peculiar evening. â€Å"Friend of yours?† Pat asked neutrally. I nodded. They must have seen us running†¦ I turned to look at what – where – whatever we had run from. I’d registered that we were in No Town. We were in what remained of somewhere in No Town. A lot of it seemed to be lying in pieces on the ground around us. The doors we’d run through led from a building that ended in a jagged diagonal rake of broken wall about eight feet above the doors at its lowest point; there was no roof. Neither of the buildings on each side had any roof left either. One of them still had some of its front wall standing, which was nearly as tall as I was; the other one had a bit of side wall still in one piece. Not a very large piece. I turned back to Pat. â€Å"What – happened?† He almost smiled. â€Å"I was hoping you might be able to tell me. Since you’re – er – here. We got a report that it was raining – um – body parts, in No Town. Really freaked some of the clubbers. We sent out a car to take a look and they were radioing for help before they arrived. By the time we got here it was raining exploded buildings as well. And more body parts. The – er – body parts appear to be vampire. Ex-vampire, as you might say. The ones we’ve had a closer look at.† I nodded. I glanced again at Con. My brain was slowly beginning to function. I realized that the reason Con looked peculiar was because he was passing. Don’t ask me how he was doing it. But SOF thought he was human. â€Å"I can take the cuffs off your friend too, if you say you know him,† Pat said, a little too neutrally. â€Å"He was a little – upset, when you, er – â€Å" â€Å"Went nuts,† I supplied. â€Å"Sorry.† Pat looked at me. I saw it registering with him that the way I looked, whatever had caused it, I had reason to be a little on edge. He looked away again, and nodded, and someone stepped forward and released Con. He joined Pat and me. The circle of SOFs unobtrusively rearranged itself again to keep us under guard. Pat the lion tamer, in with the lions. Con moved a little stiffly, like a man who’d had a hard night. Or like a vampire trying to look human. He looked a lot better than he had the afternoon we’d had to walk back from the lake. He didn’t look like any one you’d want to take home to meet the family, but he didn’t look like a mad junkie either. Or a vampire. And I didn’t look like anyone you’d want to take home to meet the family. We were both beat up, ragged, blood-saturated, and filthy, and my nose was as stunned as the rest of me, but I guess we stank. Con’s black shirt stuck to his body in such a way I couldn’t see the wound in his chest. If it was still there. My own breast ached and burned, but if I was still bleeding, it had slowed to an ooze. I crossed my arms, but with my elbows well in front of my body, so that my hands hung loosely from my wrists out to either side, without touching any of the rest of me. I wasn’t remembering any more of what had happened than I had to, but I knew there was something wrong with my hands. I wondered where Con had picked up passing for human in the last five months. Was that one of the things I had given him, the night he had given me dark sight? Or was he taking his cue off our jailers somehow? Not that anybody had said they were our jailers. Yet. I didn’t want to say anything like, can we go home now?, in case they did. Besides, I didn’t know that I wanted to go home. I didn’t know that I wanted to do anything. My pulse seemed to throb in my hands. There was a tinny buzzing from someone’s radiowire: Pat’s. I saw his expression get grimmer, and it had been pretty grim already. â€Å"Yeah. Okay. No, my guess is things are going to stay quiet now. Yeah, I’ll leave a few to keep an eye out, and you can send any clean-up crew you can find. Yeah.† He looked at me. â€Å"Deputy exec Jain wants to debrief you.† My heart sank. The goddess of pain. And you don’t debrief civilians. â€Å"You and Mr. – † Pat turned politely to Con. â€Å"Connor,† Con replied. â€Å"Mr. Connor. You and Sunshine can ride back in my car, and Sunshine can tell you a little about our Depex Jain.† I almost managed to be amused. The intrusive presence of the goddess had just put Pat on our side. I guessed we’d need him there. The effort to be amused faded, leaving cold exhaustion. Pat did the best he could for us. The goddess wasn’t going to wait for us to have showers, let alone food and sleep. (I would have liked to see Con in one of their fuzzy khaki jammy suits though.) Pat radioed ahead from the car, and Theo and John met us with blankets and tea. (I wondered who got to hose down the inside of the car.) We were also offered the opportunity to have a pee. Such magnanimity. I accepted. Con did not. Don’t vampires pee? It had been one thing on the walk back from the lake, when he’d been on short rations for a long time. Okay, do they have a digestive system? Maybe it all goes straight into†¦never mind. At least I could wash my hands, although I felt the soap only slide over what I most needed to scour away. I cleaned my face with a paper towel, so my hands never touched anything but paper. Con hesitated no more than a moment when offered tea or coffee, and chose tea. He wrapped the blanket around himself. It was yellow, and didn’t help his complexion. He was impressive as a vampire but mostly just ugly as a human. There was a kind of threateningness to his ugliness but you couldn’t have said why. There was a study once about whether ugly or good-looking people are more imposing. Generally the uglier you are the less imposing, till you reach a sort of nadir of ugliness and then you get really imposing. I thought Con just missed the nadir. Just. He was also shorter as a human. I didn’t get this at all. But if it meant the goddess would underestimate him that would be expedient. Possibly even life-saving. Although I wasn’t sure how I felt about going on having my life repeatedly saved. My thoughts were moving slowly and indistinctly, and they stumbled a lot. I’d had to take the tea mug into my hands to drink from it, but I kept my finger s well away from the brim where my lips would touch. They offered us food, but I refused; it would be sandwiches, something you’d have to touch with your hands. And my refusal made Con’s look less odd, maybe. When Pat took us up to the goddess’ office, there were seven of us. Pat, Con and me, Theo and John and two people I didn’t know beyond occasionally seeing them at Charlie’s: Kate and Mike. The goddess wanted to dismiss everyone but Con and me – she had her own people present, of course – but Pat, going all formal, declined to be dismissed, and began reeling off some directive or other. I’d heard him asking for some SOF reg book and seen him poring over it in the little turnaround time between the car and the goddess’ office, but I hadn’t thought about it. He was now proving that since he’d nabbed us in the field, he was responsible for us, even in the presence of a superior officer, because he was a field specialist and she wasn’t, and the situation was insecure. One for Pat. But the lines around the goddess’ mouth got harder, and her mouth more pinched. And we were all going to pay for it. Mainly she went for Con. Because she knew there was something wrong about him? Or because he was the stranger? If she hadn’t done it before I skegged the HQ com system, she would have read any available file on me after, which wasn’t a happy thought, especially the presumption that it would get fatter as a result of her interest. I wondered if Yolande could make a ward against SOF ‘fo-collecting techniques. A ward that didn’t proclaim itself as a ward, that only made me look boring. Because my natural boringness would have taken a fatal injury tonight. Nobody – certainly not Pat or the goddess – was going waste any more time believing my story about having blown myself out the night I blew out their com system. But there I went again, planning as if I had a future, and I hadn’t decided about that yet. The future would be difficult without usable hands, and the old wound on my breast†¦But I wanted to get Con out of here. His future was his business. There were more voices. The goddess’ voice made my head ache. I had to listen, to pay attention, and I had to think, to be careful, to be ready†¦ready†¦The effort was making me start to disintegrate again†¦I was drifting, it was so much easier to drift†¦ What is your name? asked the goddess. Connor, Con replied. First name? Malcolm. And you live? I have only recently come to this area, and have not yet decided if I am staying. I rather think that I am not. But your local address? I am renting a house by the lake. Loud intake of breath from everyone except me and Con. No one lives by the lake any more, said the goddess, as if she had caught him out in a lie. Con shrugged gently. Yes: my rent is very reasonable, and I like the solitude. There was a momentary pause. It was true that nobody lived by the lake any more, but there wasn’t a good reason why not. There were bad spots, but there were bad spots everywhere, and there were perfectly good not bad spots by the lake too. The goddess might think no human could bear the hauntedness of the lake, but she couldn’t nail him as an unregistered partblood or illegal Other on it. Let alone a vampire. And my little trouble five months ago had been the first of its kind in years. Con’s choice of location would bring that trouble to mind, of course, but there wasn’t any way that my presence in the middle of whatever had happened tonight wasn’t going to bring that trouble back to center focus in everyone’s mind. Maybe Con even had a plan. Which was a lot more than I had. I wanted to rub my aching head but I didn’t want to use my hands. Who is your landlord? I do not know. I pay the rent to a post office box in Raindance. The rental was arranged through an agent. What agent? I do not remember; the papers are at home. You could produce the papers. Yes. What brought you to this area? Its natural beauty. That stopped her for a moment. She wasn’t a trees and sunsets sort of person. I wondered vaguely where she lived. She wasn’t a downtown high-rise sort of person either. Nor could I see her in grotty unorthodox Old Town. I couldn’t see her redoing one of the houses in Whiteout. I couldn’t see her as a person with a life. I imagined her spending her off-duty hours folded up in a drawer. If she had any off-duty hours. What do you do for a living? I am fortunate in not having to work for a living. This startled her – well, he hadn’t been found in circumstances conducive to guessing he was a member of the independently wealthy – but you could see her shift her view to relishing despising this already-suspicious character now revealed as a parasite on the body of society. A mosquito or a leech or something bloodsucking. Ha. And how then do you support yourself? My father left me comfortably off. And your father was? How to cite Sunshine Chapter 27, Essay examples

World History Final Exam free essay sample

Inca and Aztec societies were similar politically how Both expanded empires using the military 8. What economic change or explanation justifies the claim that the late sass mark the beginning of a new period in world history? Age of Exploration America incorporated into Global Trade Network 9. What is an economic similarity among European colonial empires in the Americas in the period 1450-1750? African slaves, forced labor American Indians 10. What European development is most closely associated with the revolution in Haiti? The French Revolution 11.Define Social Darwinism- fight White Europeans superior Japanese yellow people also superior will not give way to the other fight 12. We shall not repeat the past. We shall eradicate it by restoring our rights in the Suez Canal. This money is ours. The canal is the property of Egypt. This quote represents what political philosophy expressed in the post-colonial world? Nationalism 13. Most early civilizations before 600 B. C. E. Shared what characteristics? Cities, technology, metallurgy, writing systems, growing population 14. We will write a custom essay sample on World History Final Exam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Before 500 C. E.Judaism and Hinduism were similar how Ethical codes of conduct, written scripture 15. Be;en 200 B. C. E. And 200 C. E. , the Silk Roads facilitated commodity trade between which of the 2 empires? Han Chinese Romans 16. The development and spread of Christianity and Buddhism before 600 C. E. Had what Common characteristics? Derives from another religion, spread through trade routes, both established monasteries for both men women 17. Reading tolerance 18. Indian Ocean Trade Networks encouraged the growth of what between 600 CE 1450 CE? Trade networks increased growth of cities (trade centers) 19.Before 1450 C. E. What is true of sub-Sahara Africans commercial economy what was traded with whom? Sub Africa exported gold to Europeans Middle East 20. What consequences of the Columbian Exchange most affected Meridians in the sixteenth century? Diseases caused PANDEMICS 21 . The McHugh Empire and the Ottoman Empire before 1700 C. E. Shared what characteristics? Diverse religiously ethnically 22. In the period 1450-1750, what produced on large plantations by slave labor, were significant commodities in the growing world market? Sugar, Tobacco, coffee cash crops 23. Reading 24.An important reason for Chinas rapid population increase in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was what New crops 25. What was a widespread social consequence of industrialization in the sass? Create a new social class of workers who are wage-earners -urban areas 26. How did nineteenth-century European industrialization affect European womens lives? Marriage age women work home house work us forewomen 27. After the Second World War, countries around the world did which of the following to restore the global economy? World bank other new financial institutions globally 28.Nationalist leaders in Africa and Asia, such as Ho Chi Mini (1890-?1 969), Com Kenya (1894-1978), and Shame Markham (1909-1972), had what in common? Fought COLONIAL RULE independence- self-determination 29. By the end of the 20th century how did the world change as a result of technological changes? Have global economy; The Internet con necked the World 30. Why are myths useful to historians? Knowledge about traditions, values, culture that may be accurate 31 . The development of Indian Ocean trade routes in the period 600 B. C. E. To 600 C. E. ND the development of transatlantic trade routes in the period 1450 C. E. To 1600 C. E. Were similar in that both depended on what Wind patterns (Atlantic Oceans wind wheel and Indian Oceans monsoon winds), ocean currents 32. Reading 33. Reading 34. Painting 35. Before 600 C. E. , large centralized empires, such as the Han, Persian, and Roman empires, extended their military power by doing what? Built infrastructure roads, bridges, defensive walls, expanded supply lines on safe roads 36. What factors represent the most significant cause of the growth of cities in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1000-1450 ?Increased interregional long distance trade 37. What type of evidence for research about the profits of Portuguese and British slave traders in the period 1600-1800 would be most useful? Slave traders receipts or account books of sales 8. The North and South American independence movements Of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries shared what in common? Revolutions and demands based on enlightenment ideas 39. The founding North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is best understood in the context of what post-world war 2 events? Cold War 40. Historians argue that the twentieth century marks a significant break in world history for what reasons? Petroleum, gas, population tripled, communism 41 . What is true of both the McHugh and Ottoman empires in the sixteenth century? Big empires, Gunpowder, bureaucracy 42. Map 3. In contrast to initial industrialization, the second Industrial Revolution in the last half of the nineteenth century was particularly associated With the mass production of what? Steel, electricity, transportation 44. Graph What led to the increases in the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade by the sass?Expansion of sugar plantations, also tobacco and end of indentured servitude. 45. Reading who would benefit most from independence in Latin America from Spain? Creole elite 46. Reading When Spain controlled their colonies for resources what economic system did they use? Encomia system 47. The expansion of communication and trade networks in Afro-Eurasia from 600 C. E. To 1450 C. E. Resulted in the spread of what from South Asia? New technology science and math -? O decimal number system 48. Major difference between the social structures of China and India between 600 B. C. E. And 600 C. E.? China Confucian social hierarchy Structure benefited covet officials Indian remember upper caste Brahmins priests not political people with new power 49. The African proverb, Until the lions have their historians, tales of hunting will always glorify the hunter, Means what? History written by winners or victors not losers 50. Map 51 . Map understand Triangular Trade 52. Most world historians would agree that the key to European predominance in the world economy during the nineteenth and early twentieth centurys was based on what?Industrial Revolution 53. Map East Asian Empires know. 54. Reading 55. Europeans controlled the largest share of world trade in the seventeenth through the eighteenth centuries. What evidence from the period would best support or challenge this historical reinterpretation? 1 6005 Indians Chinese Muslims still trade largest percentage Not Europeans only control mall percentage of trade Europeans control trade after -? industrial revolution -? merchant records tell how much traded 56. The United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration Of the Rights Of Man and Citizen reflects a shared concern for what? Protection of rights right to own private property (life, liberty PROPERTY) 57. A historian researching the effects of Christian missionaries activities on local social structures in late-nineteenth-century Africa would what sources most useful? African stories about conversion primary sources 58. What was the leading cause of the unprecedented increase in global population in the twentieth century?Medicine, increased concern for better health care gobo concern for public health 59. Graphs 60. Reading 61 . What is a nationalistic interpretation of the collapse of the Ottoman and Russian empires during and immediately after the First World War? Demands by ethnic groups for rights independence in these 2 multivalent empires 62. What is a major similarity between the goals of leaders of the Chinese Communist Revolution, such as Mao Sedona, an d the goals of leaders of the Mexican Revolution, such as Million Capita, in the early twentieth century? Land redistribution 63. Reading define dynastic cycle mandate of heaven Dynastic Cycle: family that passed imperial title from generation to generation. When dynasty grew weaker tax revenues declined- social divisions- internal rebellions invasions. As ruling dynasty declined, another emerged, usually from family of a successful general, invader, or peasant rebel pattern would repeat the cycle. Mandate of Heaven: the divine approval of a ruler- the gods approved of the rulers in power 64. Reading 5. What is a significant environmental effect of the globalization of the worlds economy in the period 1980 to the present?Pollution water air, improved western world diminished developed world, 66. Some historians consider the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century to have been crucial decades in the development of Western thought. What evidence supports that contention? Physics, Theory of relativity, universe does not work like a machine or clock relative uncertainty principle 67. Some historians have argued that significant social inequalities emerged only after he adoption of agriculture made it possible for some individuals to accumulate great amounts of surplus wealth.

Names of Family Members in Spanish

Names of Family Members in Spanish Who are the members of your family, how many are there, and what do they do? These are among the first questions you may be asked when you meet and first become acquainted with a native Spanish speaker. Depending on your age, you may be asked about your parents and what they do for a living, or you may be asked if you are married or have any children. Learn the words on this page as well as a few words to describe your family members, then bring a photo along, and even if youre a beginner and know only simple grammar, you can engage in conversation. Gender and Family Members Keep in mind that masculine plurals in Spanish can refer to mixed groups of males and females. Thus cuatro hijos can mean either four sons or four children, depending on the context. And while it may sound strange to the ear attuned to English, padres is a grammatically correct way to refer to both a mother and father, even though padre alone refers to a father. Also, note that the word pariente means relative in general; the Spanish-English cognate  doesnt refer only to parents. Vocabulary of the Family Following are the names for the most common relatives and some of the uncommon ones: padre: fathermadre: motherhermano: brotherhermana: sistersuegro: father-in-lawsuegra: mother-in-lawcuà ±ado: brother-in-lawcuà ±ada: sister-in-lawesposo, marido: husbandesposa, mujer: wifeabuelo: grandfatherabuela: grandmotherbisabuelo: great-grandfatherbisabuela: great-grandmothertatarabuelo: great-great-grandfathertatarabuela: great-great-grandmotherhijo: sonhija: daughternieto: grandsonnieta: granddaughterbisnieto: great-grandsonbisnieta: great-granddaughtertataranieto: great-great-grandsontataranieta: great-great-granddaughtertà ­o: uncletà ­a: aunttà ­o abuelo: great-uncletà ­a abuela: great-auntprimo: cousin (male)prima: cousin (female)primo carnal, prima carnal, primo hermano, prima hermana: first cousinprimo segundo, prima segunda: second cousinsobrino: nephewsobrina: niecepadrastro: stepfathermadrastra: stepmotherhijastro: stepsonhijastra: stepdaughterhermanastro: stepbrotherhermanastra: stepsistermedio hermano, hermano de padre, hermano de madre: half brothermedia her mana, hermana de padre, hermana de madre: half sister concuà ±ado: husband of ones spouses sisterconcuà ±ada: wife of ones spouses brotherconsuegro: father-in-law of ones son or daughterconsuegra: mother-in-law of ones son or daughterprometido, novio: fiance, boyfriend, groomprometida, novia: fiancà ©e, girlfriend, bridecompaà ±ero: male partner in a couple relationshipcompaà ±era: female partner in a couple relationshippadrino: godfathermadrina: godmotherahijado: godsonahijada: goddaughteramigo: friend (male)amiga: friend (female)conocido: acquaintance (male)conocida: acquaintance (female) Miscellaneous Family Terms La familia polà ­tica  or los polà ­ticos may be used as the equivalent of the in-laws. In other words, the terms refer to people to whom one is related by marriage. (In a different context, polà ­ticos can also refer to politicians.) The term amigovio or amigovia can be used colloquially in some areas to a person with whom a person has a romantic or sexual relationship that hasnt necessarily been formalized, such as a friend with benefits or a live-in lover where there isnt necessarily an expectation of marriage. This is a word of fairly recent origin, so its meaning isnt uniform in all areas. Note that while marido refers to a husband, there is no corresponding feminine form, marida, in standard use. Sample Sentences Referring to Family Members Here are some simple sample sentences you can use as models for your own: Mi padre es carpintero. (My father is a carpenter.)Mi tà ­a es dentista.(My aunt is a dentist.)Mi madre es ama de casa. (My mother is a housewife.)Tengo dos hermanos y una hermana. (I have two brothers and a sister.)Tengo cuatro hermanos. (This sentence can be seen as ambiguous by English speakers. It can be correctly translated as either I have four brothers or I have four siblings.)Tengo nueve tà ­os. (I have nine aunts and uncles or I have nine uncles.:)Mi madrastra vive en el estado de Nueva York. (My stepmother lives in New York state.)Mis sobrinas viven en Chicago. (My nieces live in Chicago.)Mi padre est muerto. (My father is dead.)Mi prima est muerta. (My female cousin is dead.)Mi madre est viva. (My mother is alive.)Otto y Edith Frank fueron los padres de Ana Frank. (Otto and Edith  Frank were the parents of Anne Frank.)Los primos no pueden casarse segà ºn nuestra cultura. (Cousins cannot marry accoridng to our culture.)Los suegras siempre tienen mala reputacià ³n. (Mo thers-in-law always have a bad reputation.)

Free Morphemes in English, Definition and Example

Free Morphemes in English, Definition and Example A free morpheme is a  morpheme (or word element) that can stand alone as a word. It is also called an  unbound morpheme or a free-standing morpheme.  A free morpheme is the opposite of a bound morpheme, a word element that cannot stand alone as a  word. Many words in English consist of a single free morpheme. For example, each word in the following sentence is a distinct morpheme: I need to go now, but you can stay. Put another way, none of the nine words in that sentence can be divided into smaller parts that are also meaningful. There are two basic kinds of free morphemes: content words and function words. Examples and Observations A simple word consists of a single morpheme, and so is a free morpheme, a morpheme with the potential for independent occurrence.  In The farmer kills the duckling the  free morphemes are the, farm, kill and duck. It is important to notice here that (in this sentence) not all of these free morphemes are words in the sense of minimal free formsfarm and duck are cases in point. (William McGregor,  Linguistics: An Introduction. Continuum, 2009) Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes A word like house or dog is called a free morpheme because it can occur in isolation and cannot be divided into smaller meaning units...The word quickest...is composed of two morphemes, one bound and one free. The word quick is the free morpheme and carries the basic meaning of the word. The est makes the word a superlative and is a bound morpheme because it cannot stand alone and be meaningful. (Donald G. Ellis, From Language to Communication. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999) Two Basic Types of Free Morphemes Morphemes can be divided into two general classes. Free morphemes are those which can stand alone as words of a language, whereas bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes. Most roots in English are free morphemes (for example, dog, syntax, and to), although there are a few cases of roots (like -gruntle as in disgruntle) that must be combined with another bound morpheme in order to surface as an acceptable lexical item... Free morphemes can be further subdivided into content words and function words. Content words, as their name suggests, carry most of the content of a sentence. Function words generally perform some kind of grammatical role, carrying little meaning of their own. One circumstance in which the distinction between function words and content words is useful is when one is inclined to keep wordiness to a minimum; for example, when drafting a telegram, where every word costs money. In such a circumstance, one tends to leave out most of the function words (like to, that, and, there, some, and but), concentrating instead on content words to convey the gist of the message. (Steven Weisler and Slavoljub P. Milekic, Theory of Language. MIT Press, 1999)

Communication Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communication Research - Assignment Example This research process begins with specific observations and gradually moving on to making broader generalizations and developing of theories based on observed facts. The process follows and develops a specific pattern based on which a tentative hypothesis is formed followed by theories. This process entails a high degree of uncertainty as compared to the deductive research process. Most of inductive research is qualitative in nature while deductive research is quantitative. This is because in most cases the inductive approach is of particular significance for qualitative content analysis while a deductive approach is more appropriate for a quantitative analysis. However at times the inductive approach allows for a strictly qualitative analysis the deductive approach on the other hand allows for either a qualitative or quantitative analysis or a combination of the two (Keyton, 2011). 2. ... e surveyed is 30 then in the absence of any specific preference it would naturally be expected that 10 of them would prefer soft drinks, 10 would prefer hot drinks, and the rest of them i.e. 10 would prefer health drinks. The use of chi square helps in comparing our observations i.e. actual fact, with what we originally expected i.e. our assumption. If on the contrary the sample selected indicated that only 2 preferred health drinks, 18 preferred hot drinks and 10 preferred soft drinks then it can be confidently stated that more students preferred hot drinks in a cafeteria, thus indicating that hot drinks are the general preference among students. However if the selected sample indicated that 9 preferred hot drinks, 11 preferred health drinks and the remaining 10 preferred soft drinks then we might be able to confidently state that hot drinks are generally preferred by students (Keyton, 2011). †¢ Independent samples t-test Research question: Do older people rely less on technolo gical gadgets as compared to younger people? Hypothesis testing helps in gaining knowledge about the sample population. Independent t-test is applied where there are two independent samples and the researcher intends to compare these two groups of individuals while the parameters are unknown. For instance if there are two groups of students who were taught using two different methods and the researcher wants to find the difference between these two independent groups then t-test can be most helpful in ascertaining the difference by evaluating the mean difference whereby samples from each population can be taken and compared on the basis of a given variable (Keyton, 2011). In the above question, there are two distinct groups i.e. samples - older people and younger people. 'Age' is an independent

Aftermath of the 2007 financial crisis in UK Essay

Aftermath of the 2007 financial crisis in UK - Essay Example The UK government has embarked on a number of missions to sustain the financial sector and the overall economy. This paper will focus on the measures taken by the UK government in the aftermath of the 2007 financial crisis to deal with the effects of the external forces on business organizations. In modern times, has been identified that global financial system is an interdependent system between all the countries (Shiller, 2008, p.xi). The current global financial crisis has created instability of economic systems in most countries including UK to such an extent that the UK government has been compelled to intrude into the financial markets in an unprecedented manner. The financial crisis although has not created problems in the UK constitutional system, nevertheless has proved that the constitution lacks flexibility to cope with financial crisis of such mammoth proportions (Black, 2010, p.1). The crisis has shown that the government has to face legal barriers arising from various u nanticipated sources. The European Union (EU) has a rule imposed on state aid which gives more power to the EU Commission than the Westminster parliament to decide the fate of taxpayers’ money. Moreover, various corporate and financial norms restrict the management capacity of the UK government of investments in the banks (Black, 2010, p.2). UK has â€Å"globally very active financial services industry with cutting edge financial innovation† (Williams, 2011, p.41). Previously, the UK government had a â€Å"tripartite† regulatory system which allowed the Bank of England, the Financial Services Authority (FSA) and the Treasury to contribute towards maintaining economic progress in the country. However, the government felt that this system failed in three ways – a) it failed to assess any troubles that hinder economic progress, b) it could not assess appropriate steps to tackle such hindrances, and c) it failed to act effectively at the onset of the crisis ( Giudice et al., 2012, p.17). The effects of the global financial crisis first created waves in August 2007 and were enhanced throughout 2008. The impact of the crisis reached its peak in September/October 2008. Several financial institutes were rescued like the Northern Rock in UK. However, it was not before late 2008 that any major fiscal and monetary policies were established as response to the crisis. Most of the policies were put into practice only after the fall of Lehman Brothers in September 2008. Even in March 2008, the Treasury claimed that the government is duly abiding by all fiscal regulations and economy is stable. This indifferent perception was changed as a result of the events that occurred in September/October 2008. A reduction was made for a temporary period in VAT from 17.5 percent to 15 percent. In the end of 2009, it was brought back to the original rate. Moreover, the government made provision of ?3 billion for capital spending. In the beginning of the global c risis, the approximate valuation of public sector net borrowing (PSBR) was increased by 2.4 percent of GDP to 5.3 percent. Out of this, 0.6 percent was used for â€Å"discretionary budget changes† (Sawyer, 2011, p.206). In a wider context, the UK government has made plans and policies in response to the economic crisis with three main goals. First, the UK government has provided capital support to banks to reinforce their balance sheets. Secondly, the government has taken steps to enhance the competence of banks so that

Social Media Texting: Bad Grammar

Social Media Texting: Bad Grammar LOL and OMG have been the acronyms of the decade and have become a trend in the way people communicate. Social media has expanded so much that people are becoming dependent on the Internet and are creating their own language. Social media is making the younger generation develop bad grammar. This issue is a problem because it is making society incapable of structuring coherent sentences making this generation dumb. The time being spend on social media outlets cuts down on the time focusing on their education and grammar. Although some argue that social media helps people communicate better in their daily lives, social media and texting are placing a burden on education. Social media has triggered one from learning academic and professional communication skill, promoting bad grammar, and the lack of creativity. Social media is promoting bad grammar because people accustomed to writing colloquially when they write structured essays. Bad grammar has gotten so severe that people have made several appearances on news channels about social media and bad grammar. A video that was posted on Channel 19 KYTX which is a local news station in Tyler, Texas. It talks about how students are trying to use bad grammar in their essays, which they also use on Facebook and Twitter. Living in a social media world in which people try to communicate as fast as possible people keep conversations short. Kaylee McPherson says to KYTX, I dont even put periods, question marks or anything. I just type it and go (Austin).With the generation being based on technology people ending up not just texting in acronyms but also speaking them was bound to happen. McPherson states that, Now, they actually start talking it. I hear people talking and Im like you kind of sound dumb. Not only are teenagers using shorthand on social media but also in the classroom. Melanie McNeils a high school English teacher says that when she grades papers she sees t he lingo in their essays. Melanie McPherson says, Ok, this is one I see a lot. B4=before, OMG=oh my god, u=you, y=why (Austin). Instead of McNeil giving her students no credit for that type of language used in their essays, she talks to her students about the difference between casual language and academic language and when it is the appropriate time to use the two (Austin). This web lingo has increased so much that even the Oxford English dictionary has added the words: Lol, Omg,Tweet, Retweet and even Sext. There is justification that the world is changing due to social media. Ontario Waterloo University in Canada requires students to pass an English language skills test in order to be accepted into the university. According to the statistics 1/3 are failing and students are blaming social media. Ontario Waterloo is a great educational example of how we can resolve the grammar problem. People should be happy that Universities are taking such an effect on this problem then maybe at least the younger generation will try harder to fix their grammar and spend less on social media cites. Bad grammar and social media go hand in hand people. People are so excited to send an instant message that they use shorthand of words and do not use full sentences. This is a server problem that needs to be addressed and people need to communicate effectively to change the bad grammar that our generation has developed. Being depended on social media affects people because they stop communicating and it will eventually affect them in long run. Switching from academic to colloquial language is difficult for most getting accustomed to changing the language and it is declining grammar skill. In the article, No LOL matter: Tween texting may lead to poor grammar skills by Pen State Official University News Source this article discuss how tweens who are in the age range between nine and fourteen are texting in acronyms and according to researches are decline language and grammar skills(par. 1). Text messaging may be an easy and fast way for one to communicate but according to Drew Cingel who is a Distinguished Professor of Communications and co-director of the Pen States Media Effects Research Laboratory states that, The use of these shortcuts may hinder a tweens ability to switch between techspeack and normal rules of grammar(par. 5). Teachspeak is when someone uses shortcuts while texting, on a social media site or chatting, such as U for You. Cingel gave middle school children in Pennsylvania a grammar assessment test at a 9 th grade level to see if everyone up to par she eventually stated after receiving the scores, Overall, there is evidence of a decline in grammar scores based on the number of adaptions in sent text messages(par. 8). The most people text the more they will adapt to that type of style and will not be about to distinguish whether they are writing proper or not. In High School I always experienced teachspeak, when I was in my English class the teacher would tell us to peer review each others essay. I would always notice that in every paper I would peer review I would at least see one or more tachspeak errors where someone would u instead of you .That is why researches have stated that it is affecting childrens grammar. Some may say that social media has been a way to connect with our lost love ones and some researchers have stated that social media is the downfall of the generation. The Internet is growing rapidly and it and has created many alternative ways from one to get information such as Dictionary.com, where one can look up a definition instead of grabbing a dictionary and instead of reading a book there are books online that you can use on your Ipad or kindle. Social media and texting has have a downfall on our grammar and it is getting harder to multitask. In the article, Yes, People Still Read, But Now Its Social by Steven Johnson it explains how people are reading books on a Kindle but Mr.Carrs who is the author of, The Shallows states, These distraction comes with heavy cost scientific studies show how multitasking harms our concentration(427). Due to social media such as Twitter, Facebook,and YouTube etc. being used all at once people are less likely to be able to focus. People who mul titask more are going to be faced with certain challenges in school when they are not able to concentrate in their studies. According to a study they found out that, Heavy multitasking performed about about 10 to 20 percent worse on most test than light multitasking (427). So it is true that Social media is making us dumb, people may read books on Kindle and might be happy that they are reading books but Mr.Carrs concern is that people are not thinking with a high-level mind set and people are reading pages on a screen. I feel like if society is going to depend on the internet eventually people will stop talking in complete and full sentences and will start using acronyms and that will affect peoples grammar when they are trying to write in an educational matter. The statistics for text messages have increased over the years. According to the Chicago Tribute that stated that Pew Research claims, 72% of adults and 87% of teens send and receive text messages(par.2). It is not only the teenagers that are constantly texting but also adults who are texting away. An executive editor of the American Heritage Dictionary named Steve Kleindetr says that when you text you may want to pay close attention to your attention. Kleinder gives us an example, If youre texting a friend who has difficulty with loose grammatical standards, be sure to spell out u (par. 2). This is a great point that Kleinder stated one must always think about the audience if it is either sending a text message or an email. No one will send an email to their boss saying Sup, cant make 2 wrk L8ts and especially if you had a friend who struggles with grammar you would write out everything clearly. Grammar is a huge part of our society and, People will always judge you, so write with that in mind, Kleinedler says. I personally have never wrote in short hand reason being that I struggle in English and I am not a very good speller, and if I were to write colloquialisms I would not help myself. That is why I made a pact with myself to always write in complete sentences if I am either texting on Facebook or Twitter no matter what. This has actually been beneficial to me because I have never written colloquiums in my essays I might still be a bad speller but at least I do not do it on purpose. Our generation will never be the same the Internet will always have some sort of power over us and with the development of technology increasing there is nothing we can do but educate ourselves. Just because everyone is texting and on Facebook sounding illiterate does not mean we have to do it too. We must take a stand and show society that the generation might be powered with technology but we are using it for our education and other beneficial things. Grammar will always be a problem and it can be fixed but with so many Social media outlets using Weblingo there is no way everyone will stop trying to be cool and rebel against it. Some people will not want to do it but they are dumb-ing themselves down. People need to learn how to talk proper and how to communicate instead of through Facebook and over a text. If this issue is not fixed our generation will be destroyed and there will be no way to fix it. Septic Shock Case Study: Causes and Effects Septic Shock Case Study: Causes and Effects Introduction Septic Shock is a serious circulatory disorder often characterised by a whole- body inflammatory state and the systemic response to infection (Titheradge, 1998), with the most common cause being the contamination of blood with bacteria. Septic shock is defined as sepsis with hypotension which develops in almost half of all septic patients as a complication with a mortality rate of 40-60% (Titheradge, 1998). Septic shock often results in a progressive failure of the circulation to provide blood and oxygen to vital organs of the body resulting in impaired tissue perfusion and oxygen extraction (Thiemermann, 1997). The key symptoms include a severe fall in blood pressure (hypotension) with hypo-reactivity to vasoconstrictor agents (vasoplegia) which may lead to the dysfunction or failure of major organs including lungs, liver, kidneys and brain (multiple organ dysfunction, MODS) and ultimately death (Goligorski et al., 1997). Presently it is widely assumed that septic shock rarely shows similar symptoms in affected individuals and therefore it is difficult to detect and then consequently treat it (Groeneveld and Thijs, 1986). It is, however, also agreed that most of the therapeutic interventions invariably focus on the primary aim of fighting the refractory hypotension by the use of aggressive fluid infusions, glucocorticoids, large doses of vasoconstrictors (Baumgartner and Calandra, 1999) and occasionally renal replacement therapy (Wheeler Bernard, 1999). Yet these interventions do not offer consistent success (Parratt, 1997). In recent times, our understanding of the pathophysiology of septic shock has developed significantly through experimental and clinical trials, though the discovery of a suitable treatment with therapeutic efficacy is proving elusive (Baumgartner and Calandra, 1999). This is probably because of the heterogeneity of the clinical situations and the differences in host response to i dentical pathogens. Moreover evidence suggests that different pathogens which cause septic shock respond differently to the conventional treatments. Still, no effort has been made to treat patients according to the nature of the infecting organism (Gao, Anonymous, 1992). During the early 1990s nitric oxide (NO) emerged as a potentially substantial step towards the treatment of septic shock. This finding directed scientists to carry out numerous clinical trials and animal experiments with the objective of finding out more about the interrelation of NO and Sepsis (Cobb, 1999; Kilbourn, 1999). Later, the discovery of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) made this enzyme the primary target of therapeutic agents (Rosselet et al., 1998). However, recently a substantial amount of literature has been published with evidence contradicting the discoveries of earlier studies. Today more than a decade has elapsed without any resolution to the matter and even in this 21st century Septic Shock is invading the developing countries rapidly (Cobb, 1999; Kilbourn, 1999). This problem of a lack of significant advances in this field can be highlighted by the fact that 17 years have passed since the final publication of the Consensus Conference on sepsis and sepsis related syndromes (Rangel-Frausto, 2005). This paper conclusively defined sepsis and its symptoms with the hope of finding a suitable treatment in order to eradicate the disease (Rangel-Frausto, 2005). Today, however, the situation has not changed significantly with up to 750,000 new sepsis cases every year and 215,000 annual deaths in the United States (Trzeciak et al., 2008, Mitchell M. Levy, 2007). Additionally, in the population that survives such attacks, there is considerable morbidity with many scoring low in health related quality of life assessments (Kaarlola et al., 2003, Perl et al., 1995). Hence the 5 million lives campaign instigated by the US Institute of Healthcare Improvements, aims to minimize the prevalence of nosocomial sepsis (sepsis originating in a hospital) (Gao et al., 2008). This campaign aimed specifically at increasing safety and transforming the quality of hospital care (McCannon et al., 2007). Moreover, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign aims to improve the quality of life of septic patients using the best evidence available currently (Dellinger et al., 2004). Though the world mortality rates have declined in recent times, sepsis is gradually becoming more prevalent in the elderly in the developing countries (Gao et al., 2008).This is mainly due to the extended longevity of patients with chronic illnesses, the increased occurrence of immunosuppression, and the more frequent use of invasive procedures (Bone, 1991; Parrillo, 1993). Sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock and multiple organ failure still dominate the mass cases of non coronary intensive care units (ICUs). This essay will attempt to explore the fundamental mechanisms leading to tissue and organ damage in septic shock through the investigation of a case study. Following this, the discovery and general biology of nitric oxide (NO) shall be discussed, and the experimental evidence implicating NO as an effector in sepsis, will be examined in detail. The results obtained from various pharmacologic interventions directed at NO in animal studies will also be considered. This report will also give an account of conventional and innovative treatments for the management of septic shock. Finally, data from the few available relevant clinical trials will be reviewed and possible future avenues of interest will be discussed. Systemic Inflammatory response syndrome and Septic Shock (Clinical Manifestation) Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock were inaccurately defined until a recently reviewed consensus conference in 1992 (Bone et al., 1992, Dellinger et al., 2004). In this meeting the term systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was invented insinuating a clinical response arising from a nonspecific tissue damaging event (insult) (Rangel-Frausto, 2005). Sepsis as mentioned earlier is the result of substantial release of inflammatory mediators in response to an infection. However, often the same mediators are released in the absence of a documented infected in several medical conditions such as cardiopulmonary bypass (Wan S. et al., 1997), pancreatitis and trauma (Shanley TP. et al., 2006). Due to this, the early definitions of sepsis or septic shock were found to be misleading hence a North American consensus conference proposed a new terminology. In this conference sepsis was defined as a condition in which critically ill patients meet criteria for SIRS, in the context of infection. SIRS was defined as two or more of the following: 1) heart rate >90/min; 2) temperature >38Â °C or 12,000 or 20/min or a PCO2 3.5 L min-1 M-23; 2) hyperglycaemia (plasma glucose >120 mg/dL) in the absence of diabetes; 3) significant oedema or positive fluid balance (20 mL/kg over 20 h); 4) inflammatory variables: plasma C-reactive protein >2 SD above t he normal value or plasma procalcitonin >2 SD above the normal value and 5) mixed venous oxygen saturation (SVO2) >70% . (Dellinger RP et al., 2004). SIRS is generally not considered as a disease and its recognition does not provide any clinical conclusion. However, since it has proven to be a very useful for the identification of sepsis and its sequelae namely severe sepsis and septic shock it is regarded as a very important tool (Shanley TP. et al., 2006). Case Study: A 3-year-old boy was admitted to the intensive care unit because of fever, hypotension, and lethargy. A purpuric rash was noted on his arms and legs. Arterial blood gas analysis demonstrated hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis. The arterial lactate level was 10 mmol/L. He was intubated, resuscitated with crystalloid solution, started on broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, and given dopamine to maintain a MAP above 55 mmHg. His chest radiograph revealed bilateral interstitial-alveolar infiltrates with a left sided predominance. Gram stain of the cerebrospinal fluid showed gram-negative cocci. The dopamine infusion was increased to 18Â µg kg-1min-1 for persistent hypotension and oliguria. Pulmonary and radial arterial catheter data yielded the following blood pressure, 85/30 mm Hg; MAP, 48 mm Hg; heart rate, 140 beats per minute; CVP, 10 mm Hg; pulmonary artery pressure, 22/14 mm Hg; PCWP, 12 mm Hg; cardiac index, 2.5L min-1m-2; and SVRI, 1226 dyne-sec-cm-5m-2. The boy was treated with ad ditional saline and an epinephrine infusion, which increased the MAP, cardiac index, and urine output. Arterial lactate levels decreased over the next 12 hours. Subsequent cultures of blood and cerebrospinal fluid grew Neisseria meningitidis. In this case the patient with acute organ failure and hypotension was diagnosed with septic shock. The young boy with meningococcal septic shock had a borderline-low cardiac index. Due to this a decrease in the cardiac index in this patient by the administration of an NOS inhibitor might not be desirable. This is suggestive of the fact that NO or its synthesising means cannot always be targeted in order to battle septic shock. I will attempt to go into further details with regards to this statement as we go along the essay. Nitric Oxide discovery: Joseph Priestly first identified gaseous NO in 1772. NO also named Nitrogen Monoxide is a very simple and tiny molecule consisting of one nitrogen and one oxygen molecule. Unknown of its fundamental physiological roles in the mammals, until the 1980s NO was widely considered as a mere toxic atmospheric pollutant (Konstantin J. Ovodov et al., 2000). In the 1980s researchers were examining how blood vessels expand (dilate) hence regulate the mean arterial blood pressure. Dilation of blood vessels, also termed vasodilation is a very important physiological response which partly regulates the blood pressure. By increasing the diameter of blood vessels, vasodilation causes the blood to travel more freely due to lower resistance (RF Furchgott, 1980). Since the blood vessel lumen widens during vasodilation, the blood imposes less outward pressure on the vessel wall hence reducing the blood pressure. In opposition, vasoconstriction reduces the diameter of the lumen increasing the BP. These physiological responses occur all the time in the human body regulating the BP and therefore are one of the most fundamental mechanisms of the human body. Dr Robert Furchgott and his group, later in 1980s investigated the role of acetylcholine in the smooth muscle relaxation and found that relaxation only occurred if a special class of cells called endothelial cells were present (RF Furchgott, 1980). These cells line the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. Behind the endothelial cells are the smooth muscle cells which either relax or contract thus regulating the vascular tone (RF Furchgott, 1991). The same research group also discovered that smooth muscle were only able to vasodilate the blood vessels in the presence of endothelial cells. This indicated that there was some kind of factor that was being released by the endothelial cells which was involved in the dilation of the blood vessel. This factor was named Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor (EDRF) and subsequently specified as NO (S Moncada et al., 1997). In 1977, Ferid Murad independantly investigated the mechanism of action of nitroglycerin and found that it worked by inducing the release of NO which in turn was able to cause relaxation of smooth muscle cells (F Murad et al., 1977). Louis Ignarro in 1986 finally resolved the whole perplex of EDRF and NO by declaring that EDRF was in fact NO. It was stated that both molecules showed identical properties when he compared gas Nitric Oxide and EDRF (Ignarro, L. J. Et al. 1987). In 1998, Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded to Drs. Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro, and Ferid Murad for their discoveries that vascular endothelial cells make nitric oxide (NO) and that such endothelium-derived NO stimulates cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis in the underlying vascular smooth muscle, causing relaxation (Kilbourn, 1999). Since the discovery of NO, vast number of its physiological roles in normal conditions have been reported including in the immune system, nervous system, reproductive system and other cellular functions. It has also been found to play important roles in variety of species ranging from mammals, to insects and plants. Role of Nitric Oxide in Biology Since it was first discovered to play a role in the dilation of blood vessels many new roles for Nitric Oxide (NO) have been discovered. In human body, NO is metabolised by its diffusion into red blood cells where it oxidizes the ferrous iron of oxyhemoglobin yielding methemoglobin and nitrate ions (NO3-) (J.M. Hevel et al., 1994 and Konstantin J. Ovodov and Ronald G. Pearl, 2000). This meachanism limits local NO build up and is particularly important in keeping NO concentration in naomolar range, at least in nonhydrophobic compartments (i.e. outside cell membranes) (Beckman Koppenol, 1996). Nitric oxide has been found to be produced by effectively every cell type in vivo and plays an important role in both controlling the normal function of cells as well as in regulating larger scale processes such as the reproductive, immune and nervous systems. A few of these biological functions for NO are described in more detail below. The Immune System Nitric oxide plays many important roles in the immune system although it is expressed in many cell types following endotoxin or pro-inflammatory cytokine treatment (C. Nathan et al., 1991 and R.G. Knowles et al., 1994). NO, in immune system, is produced in high amounts from specific cells called macrophages. Proceedingly to an infection, chemicals known as cytokines are release in vivo which activate the cells of the immune system such as macrophages, and help guide them to the site of infection (S. Moncada et al., 1991 and C. Nathan et al., 1991). NO produced by the macrophages is toxic to the bacteria and play an important role in their destruction (Fig 1). The production of nitric oxide in this way also helps protect against other types of infection including parasites and viruses (S. Moncada et al., 1991). However, too much nitric oxide production can not only lead to septic shock but has also been implicated in conditions where the immune system is too active autoimmune diseases like arthritis (Jang D and Murrell G A, 1998). The Nervous System Nitric oxide has been shown to be involved in both the peripheral and central nervous system. The three nitric oxide producing isotypes of enzyme (iNOS, eNOS, nNOS) (see section) in humans, one isotype (neuronal NOS (nNOS)) is found almost exclusively in the nervous system (Forstermann et al., 1995). nNOS is thought to be involved in promoting the transfer of interneuronal nerve signals. This is thought to take place by the stimulation of exocytosis (release) of endogenous chemicals called neurotransmitters of one neurone (Moncada et al., 1991; Forstermann and Kleinert, 1995). These NT then diffuse across the synaptic cleft (gap between neuronal terminals) and stimulate the neighbouring nerve cell terminal to transmit the signal (Otto Loewi, 1961). NO has shown to play a substantial role in diseases of the nervous system like Alzheimers and Parkinsons. In both diseases, the inhibition of NO has shown to slow down the progression of the disease in mice (Weill Cornell Team, 2005 and Jo hns Hopkins et al., 2004). Reproductive Biology Nitric oxide is one of the most important molecule in the course of reproduction and is involved in many aspects of it. As well as dilating the blood vessels and thereby helping to regulate maternal blood pressure, NO is also involved in implanting the early embryo in the uterus (Rogers, 1995). During pregnancy, nitric oxide is also suggested promote angiogenesis (a process in which new blood vessels are formed) (RayChaudhury et al., 1996). It is also known to play a role in the survival of trophoblasts (form placenta) (Enders et al., 1978). Furthermore deficiency of NO has been found in patients with preeclampsia (a medical condition in pregnancy) suggesting its partial role in growth of embryo (Yallampalli et al., 1994; Liao et al., 1996). In addition, drugs (Viagra) used to treat erectile dysfunction also affect nitric oxide signalling. Cellular function A notable number of cellular activities can be controlled by nitric oxide including cell division, cell movement and cell survival. The majority of cells in human body have the ability to undergo programmed cellular death. This is a self-destructive mechanism usually called apoptosis which often occurs when a cell is damaged and beyond repair, infected with a virus, or undergoing stressful conditions such as starvation (Kerr et al., 1972). Cells in these conditions go through apoptosis so that they dont hinder the proper functioning of the rest of the tissue. During apoptosis, the structures of the cell break down in an organised manner, forming a packaged cell that is smaller in size so that it can be easily removed by the cells of the immune system (Kerr et al., 1972). Nitric oxide was first shown to inhibit apoptosis hence promoting cell survival in human B lymphocytes (Mannick, J. B. Et al., 1994). Subsequently similar finding were reported in an ample number of other cells. However, high doses of nitric oxide also have deleterious effects. They can be toxic to many cell types and can lead to septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in which case NO causes cell death instead of promoting cell survival (Beal Cerra, 1994). Nitric Oxide and Inflammation (Pathophysiology of septic shock) This section will deal with mechanism by which wall fragments of Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria and other inflammatory agents induce nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cells and tissues. Exogenous toxins which enter the circulation stimulate the synthesis and release of a number of endogenous cytokines. During a gram-negative infection which can lead to septic shock, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and endotoxins present on bacterial wall and many other inflammatory agents bind to a co-receptor (CD14) on the surface of specific immune cells like macrophages, resulting in their activation (J.C. Lee et al., 1996). LPS also bind to LPS-binding proteins which are produced by the liver. These proteins facilitate LPS binding to the CD14 co-receptor of the macrophages. The CD14 co-receptor is activated through the binding of LPS to a toll-like molecule (TLR4), (Re F, Strominger J. Et al., 2001) which is responsible for initiating the transmembrane signaling. TLR2 molecules act in the same way as TLR4, (Leppper PM et al., 2002) though; these are activated by gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and yeast. Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus have further additional wall fragments such as peptidoglycan (PepG) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Both PepG and LTA have been shown to synergise to produce the characteristic features of septic shock, MODS and ultimately death in rodent models (S.J. De Kimpe et al., 1995 and G.M. Millar et al., 1997). These effects were not observed with either LTA or peptidoglycan alone, although high doses of LTA can cause circulatory failure but not MODS (S.J. De Kimpe et al., 1995). Gram-positive bacteria may also release other enterotoxins and exotoxins, for example toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, which are involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis (reviewed in (R.C. Bone et al., 1994)). The additional fragments released by Gram-positive bacteria bind to unknown receptors however, like LPS binding, cause the release of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-1ß, and IFN-? (Thiemermann, 1997, Titheradge, 1999). These cytokines as well as IL-6 are often produced in response to immune stimulation of macrophages and monocytes hence also in septic shock patients. IL-1 and TNF each occur in two forms, a and ß. TNF- a and both forms of IL-1 are made by activated monocytes and macrophages, whereas TNF- ß is made by activated T lymphocytes (Review by J. Saklatvala et al., 1996). There are two receptors for both IL-1 and TNF and the two forms of each cytokine interact with the same receptors. IL-1 a and ß interact with the type 1 IL-1 receptor for signal transduction, whereas type II does not appear to transmit any signal and functions as an inhibitor of IL-1 action (J. Saklatvala et al., 1996). The two types of TNF receptor, p55 (type I) and p75 (type II) have different end effects; p75 mediates the proliferative actions of TNF- a while p55 receptor signals the inflammatory response and apoptosis (J. Saklatvala et al., 1996). Complex interactions between these different mediators produce intense pathophysiological modification, which eventually lead to diffuse tissue injury and ultimately sequential system failure (multiple organ dysfunc tion syndrome), which accounts for the majority of deaths among patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock (Beal Cerra, 1994). IL-1ß and TNF-a have a very short half life compared to IL-6 and therefore IL-6 is a very good indicator of cytokinemia. The initial studies of septic shock, showed a very strong positive correlation between IL-6 levels and fatal outcome (Casey L. Et al., 1993). NO is equally a very short lived molecule with an estimated in vivo half life of only 0.1 seconds hence again it is hard to measure its levels in order to detect the severity of cytokinemia hence the severity of sepsis or septic shock. There are several molecules that contribute to the pro and anti-inflammatory responses in septic shock (Table 4); however I shall only focus on a few due to the limited word allowance. In response to inflammatory agents in septic shock, the released cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1ß, and IFN- ?), bind to their specific receptors activating a protein kinase called tyrosine kinase leading to both the activation of the nuclear factor-kB (NF-?B) (a transcription factor) and the phosphorylation of intracellular protein (Gao et al., 2008). A precise mechanism by which these cytokines act was proposed by J. Saklatvala et al. in 1996 however this has yet to be confirmed. Nitric oxide producing cells contain I-?B which is an inhibitor of NF-?B. For the activation of NF-?B, proteolytic cleavage of I-?B from NF-?B is required which forms NF-?B. This biological change allows the activated NF-?B to translocate to the nucleus, where it binds to the promoter region of the iNOS gene inducing transcription. It has also been reported to induce other inflammatory agents, such as cytokines and leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules (Janssen-Heininger et al., 2000). Tyrosine kinase present inside the cell acts as a messenger molecule involved in the proteolytic cleavage of I-?B/NF-?B and hence in the activation of NF-?B and iNOS expression (Hecker M, et al., 1996). In septic shock, the translated products of iNOS mRNA subsequently assemble forming the iNOS protein which in turn causes local NO proliferation (Thiemermann, 1997). Fig 2 shows the signal transduction pathway of iNOS expression in response to inflammatory agents. The physiological role of iNOS is to enhance the formation of NO (due to iNOS activity), which in turn may contribute to either the pathophysiology of septic shock (clinbical symptoms) or the host defence (Reviewed in Gao et al., 2008). Fig 3 shows a simplified schematic of the Anti Inflammatory cascade in the context of septic shock. Excess NO produced by iNOS has been reported to both induce and inhibit NF-?B (Kalra et al., 2000; Umansky et al., 1998). In year 2000, it was proposed that low levels of NO may induce further NO production while high concentrations do the opposite exhibiting a feedback mechanisms that would oppose the over expression of genes regulated by NF-?B (Janssen-Heininger et al., 2000). In addition NO at high concentrations competes with O2 at the active site of NOS, thus providing a feedback mechanism of its own synthesis (Griscavage et al., 1995; Rengasamy Johns, 1993). Biological Synthesis of Nitric Oxide (Nitric Oxide Synthases) NOS structure and substrates for NO production: In mammals, NO is exclusively formed from the enzymatic oxidation of one terminal guanidino nitrogen of the amino acid L-arginine. When expressed in moles, this reaction utilizes 1 mol each of arginine and O2, and 1.5 mol of NADPH, yielding 1 mol of NO, 1 mol of L-citrulline and 1.5 mol of NADP (R.G. Knowles et al., 1994). The reaction sequence involves the generation of an Ng-hydroxy-L-arginine intermediate, followed by the oxidation of Ng-hydroxy-L-arginine in presence of molecular oxygen to form L-citrulline and NO (Dennis J. Stuehr et al., 1991 and R.G. Knowles et al., 1994). The enzymes that accelerate the reaction above are a family of relatively large heme proteins known as NO synthase (NOS) which resemble cytochrome P450 structurally (M. M. Chan et al., 2001 and Francois Feihl, 2001) (The general mechanism of NO production from NOS is illustrated in Fig 4). All members of this family share a similar homodimeric structure, where each monomer consists of a an oxygenase domain and a reductase domain, separated by a short amino acids (30aa) sequence for the attachment of the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin. In addition to calmodulin attachment, enzymatic activity requires the presence of four cofactors: FAD, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), and heme (Francois Feihl, 2001). Fig 5 shows the general structure of the NOS enzymes. Nitric Oxide Synthase isoforms and their locus in the Human Body: There are three known isoforms of NOS, each the product of a different gene: neuronal NOS (nNOS or NOS-1), inducible NOS (iNOS or NOS-2), and endothelial NOS (eNOS or NOS-3). nNOS and eNOS were first described in rat cerebellum and bovine aortic endothelial cells, respectively, but their tissue distribution is far wider than suggested by their names. eNOS and nNOS are involved in regulating vascular tone (R.G. Knowles et al.,1992 and S. Moncada et al., 1991) and neurotransmission respectively, whereas iNOS is involved in the immune defence although it is expressed in many cell types following endotoxin or pro inflammatory cytokine treatment (R.G. Knowles et al., 1994). nNOS is typically expressed in skeletal muscle and myenteric plexuses. eNOS is ubiquitous in vascular endothelium, but may also be found in the kidney tubular epithelial cells, placenta (Forstermann et al., 1995), and neurons (Nathan Xie, 1994). In these tissues, the expression of nNOS and eNOS is constitutive, although it may be regulated (Michel Feron, 1997). For instance, the levels of transcript for eNOS in vascular endothelial cells is increased by shear stress (Topper et al., 1996; Uematsu et al., 1995) and exercise (Wang et al., 1997), reduced by inflammatory stimuli such as TNF-a (Nathan Xie, 1994) and variably affected by hypoxia (Le Cras et al., 1998; Toporsian et al., 2000). In the physiological state, the iNOS isoform is only present at a few locations, notably the respiratory epithelium, the gravid uterus (Nathan Xie, 1994), and perhaps the ileal mucosa (Hoffman et al., 1997). iNOS expression has been demonstrated in numerous cell types including macrophages, neutrop hils, vascular endothelial (Hoffmann et al., 1999), smooth muscle cells, endocardium, myocardium, fibroblast, mesangial cells, renal tubular epithelium (Kunz et al., 1994), neurons, hepatocytes, pancreatic islet cells and astrocytes (Nathan Xie, 1994). iNOS can be induced by a number factors including UV light; cyclic AMP-elevating agents; trauma; ozone and bacterial products described earlier (see section). On the other hand, many endogenous agents may oppose cytokine induction of iNOS. These include anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and growth factors such as tumor growth factor-ß (Forstermann et al., 1995). In all NOS isoforms, calmodulin binding is an absolutely vital for enzymatic activity. In the cases of eNOS and nNOS, this binding necessitates relatively high concentrations of Ca2+ (see Fig 7), in the range of 0.1-1 mM (Forstermann et al., 1995). In contrast, iNOS is able to bind calmodulin virtually independ ant of Ca2+ (Table 2). Therefore, once iNOS is expressed, NO synthesis may only be limited by the availability of substrates and cofactors (J. Stuehr, 1990). As NO produced from iNOS predominantly depends only on iNOS expression, it lasts much longer than NO formed from the other isoforms of NOS. In addition iNOS produces much higher concentrations of Ca2+ compared to the consecutive forms of NOS (Cobb et al., 1996). The production of NO by eNOS and nNOS, compared to iNOS, can be controlled relatively easily by decreasing or increasing intracellular Ca2+, whereas iNOS can only be controlled through transcription (Cobb et al., 1996). In most cell types iNOS protein levels are either very low or undetectable. However, stimulation of these cells by cytokines or growth factors, can lead to increased transcription of the iNOS gene, with subsequent production of NO. On the other hand, for the prevention of iNOS expression through endotoxins, TGF-ß (Szabo, 1995) and anti inflammatory gl ucocorticoids can be administered which lower the magnitude of vascular hyporeactivity. Glucocorticoids such as Dexamethasone inhibit iNOS activity by blocking arginine transport and inhibiting tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis (A.J.B. Brady et al., 1992 and Thiemermann C et al., 1993). Regulation of NO production In the normal as well as in extreme physiological states (e.g. during infection), nitric oxide is considered as one of the most important signalling molecules in vivo. It is however also highly reactive and highly diffusible due to it being a free radical (one unpaired electron) (see fig 8). It is therefore important that there is strict control and regulation of nitric oxide production. The synthesis of NO within cells can be regulated in several ways such as the cellular distribution of NOS, changes in NOS gene expression, enzymatic activation by phosphorylation and the presence of cellular inhibitors NOS activity. Intracellular distribution of NOS Nitric oxide is principally regulated through strict control over the location of NO production. The NOS isoforms can be targeted to different regions of the cell, where NO will be produced in close contact with its target proteins. The image below shows the distribution of iNOS (shown in green in image 1) and eNOS (shown in red) in a trophoblast cell. The nucleus is shown in blue. Co-localisation between iNOS and eNOS will show up as a yellow colour (Phil Dash, University of Reading). The image shows that eNOS and iNOS are fairly variably distributed inside the cell, with hardly any yellow colour suggesting very little overlap in their cellular distribution (Phil Dash, University of Reading).Although both iNOS and eNOS produce NO it is likely that their different cellular distribution will lead to NO interacting with different targets and therefore having different effects (Phil Dash, University of Reading). It is very likely that the distribution of NOS isoforms is an important mechanism for regulating when and where NO is produced. Therefore the current research on NOS mainly focuses on how endogenous signals trigger NOS transport and redistribution (Rahul S. Koti et al., 2005). Activation of NOS activity NOS enzyme synthesis is principally regulated by changes in intracellular calcium levels. The constitutive isoforms of NOS, (eNOS and nNOS) have shown to proliferate following increases in Ca2+, and therefore calmodulin levels, in the cell (Rameau et al., 2003). Additionally both nNOS and