Social Media Texting: Bad Grammar

Social Media Texting: Bad Grammar LOL and OMG have been the acronyms of the decade and have become a trend in the way people communicate. Social media has expanded so much that people are becoming dependent on the Internet and are creating their own language. Social media is making the younger generation develop bad grammar. This issue is a problem because it is making society incapable of structuring coherent sentences making this generation dumb. The time being spend on social media outlets cuts down on the time focusing on their education and grammar. Although some argue that social media helps people communicate better in their daily lives, social media and texting are placing a burden on education. Social media has triggered one from learning academic and professional communication skill, promoting bad grammar, and the lack of creativity. Social media is promoting bad grammar because people accustomed to writing colloquially when they write structured essays. Bad grammar has gotten so severe that people have made several appearances on news channels about social media and bad grammar. A video that was posted on Channel 19 KYTX which is a local news station in Tyler, Texas. It talks about how students are trying to use bad grammar in their essays, which they also use on Facebook and Twitter. Living in a social media world in which people try to communicate as fast as possible people keep conversations short. Kaylee McPherson says to KYTX, I dont even put periods, question marks or anything. I just type it and go (Austin).With the generation being based on technology people ending up not just texting in acronyms but also speaking them was bound to happen. McPherson states that, Now, they actually start talking it. I hear people talking and Im like you kind of sound dumb. Not only are teenagers using shorthand on social media but also in the classroom. Melanie McNeils a high school English teacher says that when she grades papers she sees t he lingo in their essays. Melanie McPherson says, Ok, this is one I see a lot. B4=before, OMG=oh my god, u=you, y=why (Austin). Instead of McNeil giving her students no credit for that type of language used in their essays, she talks to her students about the difference between casual language and academic language and when it is the appropriate time to use the two (Austin). This web lingo has increased so much that even the Oxford English dictionary has added the words: Lol, Omg,Tweet, Retweet and even Sext. There is justification that the world is changing due to social media. Ontario Waterloo University in Canada requires students to pass an English language skills test in order to be accepted into the university. According to the statistics 1/3 are failing and students are blaming social media. Ontario Waterloo is a great educational example of how we can resolve the grammar problem. People should be happy that Universities are taking such an effect on this problem then maybe at least the younger generation will try harder to fix their grammar and spend less on social media cites. Bad grammar and social media go hand in hand people. People are so excited to send an instant message that they use shorthand of words and do not use full sentences. This is a server problem that needs to be addressed and people need to communicate effectively to change the bad grammar that our generation has developed. Being depended on social media affects people because they stop communicating and it will eventually affect them in long run. Switching from academic to colloquial language is difficult for most getting accustomed to changing the language and it is declining grammar skill. In the article, No LOL matter: Tween texting may lead to poor grammar skills by Pen State Official University News Source this article discuss how tweens who are in the age range between nine and fourteen are texting in acronyms and according to researches are decline language and grammar skills(par. 1). Text messaging may be an easy and fast way for one to communicate but according to Drew Cingel who is a Distinguished Professor of Communications and co-director of the Pen States Media Effects Research Laboratory states that, The use of these shortcuts may hinder a tweens ability to switch between techspeack and normal rules of grammar(par. 5). Teachspeak is when someone uses shortcuts while texting, on a social media site or chatting, such as U for You. Cingel gave middle school children in Pennsylvania a grammar assessment test at a 9 th grade level to see if everyone up to par she eventually stated after receiving the scores, Overall, there is evidence of a decline in grammar scores based on the number of adaptions in sent text messages(par. 8). The most people text the more they will adapt to that type of style and will not be about to distinguish whether they are writing proper or not. In High School I always experienced teachspeak, when I was in my English class the teacher would tell us to peer review each others essay. I would always notice that in every paper I would peer review I would at least see one or more tachspeak errors where someone would u instead of you .That is why researches have stated that it is affecting childrens grammar. Some may say that social media has been a way to connect with our lost love ones and some researchers have stated that social media is the downfall of the generation. The Internet is growing rapidly and it and has created many alternative ways from one to get information such as Dictionary.com, where one can look up a definition instead of grabbing a dictionary and instead of reading a book there are books online that you can use on your Ipad or kindle. Social media and texting has have a downfall on our grammar and it is getting harder to multitask. In the article, Yes, People Still Read, But Now Its Social by Steven Johnson it explains how people are reading books on a Kindle but Mr.Carrs who is the author of, The Shallows states, These distraction comes with heavy cost scientific studies show how multitasking harms our concentration(427). Due to social media such as Twitter, Facebook,and YouTube etc. being used all at once people are less likely to be able to focus. People who mul titask more are going to be faced with certain challenges in school when they are not able to concentrate in their studies. According to a study they found out that, Heavy multitasking performed about about 10 to 20 percent worse on most test than light multitasking (427). So it is true that Social media is making us dumb, people may read books on Kindle and might be happy that they are reading books but Mr.Carrs concern is that people are not thinking with a high-level mind set and people are reading pages on a screen. I feel like if society is going to depend on the internet eventually people will stop talking in complete and full sentences and will start using acronyms and that will affect peoples grammar when they are trying to write in an educational matter. The statistics for text messages have increased over the years. According to the Chicago Tribute that stated that Pew Research claims, 72% of adults and 87% of teens send and receive text messages(par.2). It is not only the teenagers that are constantly texting but also adults who are texting away. An executive editor of the American Heritage Dictionary named Steve Kleindetr says that when you text you may want to pay close attention to your attention. Kleinder gives us an example, If youre texting a friend who has difficulty with loose grammatical standards, be sure to spell out u (par. 2). This is a great point that Kleinder stated one must always think about the audience if it is either sending a text message or an email. No one will send an email to their boss saying Sup, cant make 2 wrk L8ts and especially if you had a friend who struggles with grammar you would write out everything clearly. Grammar is a huge part of our society and, People will always judge you, so write with that in mind, Kleinedler says. I personally have never wrote in short hand reason being that I struggle in English and I am not a very good speller, and if I were to write colloquialisms I would not help myself. That is why I made a pact with myself to always write in complete sentences if I am either texting on Facebook or Twitter no matter what. This has actually been beneficial to me because I have never written colloquiums in my essays I might still be a bad speller but at least I do not do it on purpose. Our generation will never be the same the Internet will always have some sort of power over us and with the development of technology increasing there is nothing we can do but educate ourselves. Just because everyone is texting and on Facebook sounding illiterate does not mean we have to do it too. We must take a stand and show society that the generation might be powered with technology but we are using it for our education and other beneficial things. Grammar will always be a problem and it can be fixed but with so many Social media outlets using Weblingo there is no way everyone will stop trying to be cool and rebel against it. Some people will not want to do it but they are dumb-ing themselves down. People need to learn how to talk proper and how to communicate instead of through Facebook and over a text. If this issue is not fixed our generation will be destroyed and there will be no way to fix it. Septic Shock Case Study: Causes and Effects Septic Shock Case Study: Causes and Effects Introduction Septic Shock is a serious circulatory disorder often characterised by a whole- body inflammatory state and the systemic response to infection (Titheradge, 1998), with the most common cause being the contamination of blood with bacteria. Septic shock is defined as sepsis with hypotension which develops in almost half of all septic patients as a complication with a mortality rate of 40-60% (Titheradge, 1998). Septic shock often results in a progressive failure of the circulation to provide blood and oxygen to vital organs of the body resulting in impaired tissue perfusion and oxygen extraction (Thiemermann, 1997). The key symptoms include a severe fall in blood pressure (hypotension) with hypo-reactivity to vasoconstrictor agents (vasoplegia) which may lead to the dysfunction or failure of major organs including lungs, liver, kidneys and brain (multiple organ dysfunction, MODS) and ultimately death (Goligorski et al., 1997). Presently it is widely assumed that septic shock rarely shows similar symptoms in affected individuals and therefore it is difficult to detect and then consequently treat it (Groeneveld and Thijs, 1986). It is, however, also agreed that most of the therapeutic interventions invariably focus on the primary aim of fighting the refractory hypotension by the use of aggressive fluid infusions, glucocorticoids, large doses of vasoconstrictors (Baumgartner and Calandra, 1999) and occasionally renal replacement therapy (Wheeler Bernard, 1999). Yet these interventions do not offer consistent success (Parratt, 1997). In recent times, our understanding of the pathophysiology of septic shock has developed significantly through experimental and clinical trials, though the discovery of a suitable treatment with therapeutic efficacy is proving elusive (Baumgartner and Calandra, 1999). This is probably because of the heterogeneity of the clinical situations and the differences in host response to i dentical pathogens. Moreover evidence suggests that different pathogens which cause septic shock respond differently to the conventional treatments. Still, no effort has been made to treat patients according to the nature of the infecting organism (Gao, Anonymous, 1992). During the early 1990s nitric oxide (NO) emerged as a potentially substantial step towards the treatment of septic shock. This finding directed scientists to carry out numerous clinical trials and animal experiments with the objective of finding out more about the interrelation of NO and Sepsis (Cobb, 1999; Kilbourn, 1999). Later, the discovery of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) made this enzyme the primary target of therapeutic agents (Rosselet et al., 1998). However, recently a substantial amount of literature has been published with evidence contradicting the discoveries of earlier studies. Today more than a decade has elapsed without any resolution to the matter and even in this 21st century Septic Shock is invading the developing countries rapidly (Cobb, 1999; Kilbourn, 1999). This problem of a lack of significant advances in this field can be highlighted by the fact that 17 years have passed since the final publication of the Consensus Conference on sepsis and sepsis related syndromes (Rangel-Frausto, 2005). This paper conclusively defined sepsis and its symptoms with the hope of finding a suitable treatment in order to eradicate the disease (Rangel-Frausto, 2005). Today, however, the situation has not changed significantly with up to 750,000 new sepsis cases every year and 215,000 annual deaths in the United States (Trzeciak et al., 2008, Mitchell M. Levy, 2007). Additionally, in the population that survives such attacks, there is considerable morbidity with many scoring low in health related quality of life assessments (Kaarlola et al., 2003, Perl et al., 1995). Hence the 5 million lives campaign instigated by the US Institute of Healthcare Improvements, aims to minimize the prevalence of nosocomial sepsis (sepsis originating in a hospital) (Gao et al., 2008). This campaign aimed specifically at increasing safety and transforming the quality of hospital care (McCannon et al., 2007). Moreover, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign aims to improve the quality of life of septic patients using the best evidence available currently (Dellinger et al., 2004). Though the world mortality rates have declined in recent times, sepsis is gradually becoming more prevalent in the elderly in the developing countries (Gao et al., 2008).This is mainly due to the extended longevity of patients with chronic illnesses, the increased occurrence of immunosuppression, and the more frequent use of invasive procedures (Bone, 1991; Parrillo, 1993). Sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock and multiple organ failure still dominate the mass cases of non coronary intensive care units (ICUs). This essay will attempt to explore the fundamental mechanisms leading to tissue and organ damage in septic shock through the investigation of a case study. Following this, the discovery and general biology of nitric oxide (NO) shall be discussed, and the experimental evidence implicating NO as an effector in sepsis, will be examined in detail. The results obtained from various pharmacologic interventions directed at NO in animal studies will also be considered. This report will also give an account of conventional and innovative treatments for the management of septic shock. Finally, data from the few available relevant clinical trials will be reviewed and possible future avenues of interest will be discussed. Systemic Inflammatory response syndrome and Septic Shock (Clinical Manifestation) Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock were inaccurately defined until a recently reviewed consensus conference in 1992 (Bone et al., 1992, Dellinger et al., 2004). In this meeting the term systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was invented insinuating a clinical response arising from a nonspecific tissue damaging event (insult) (Rangel-Frausto, 2005). Sepsis as mentioned earlier is the result of substantial release of inflammatory mediators in response to an infection. However, often the same mediators are released in the absence of a documented infected in several medical conditions such as cardiopulmonary bypass (Wan S. et al., 1997), pancreatitis and trauma (Shanley TP. et al., 2006). Due to this, the early definitions of sepsis or septic shock were found to be misleading hence a North American consensus conference proposed a new terminology. In this conference sepsis was defined as a condition in which critically ill patients meet criteria for SIRS, in the context of infection. SIRS was defined as two or more of the following: 1) heart rate >90/min; 2) temperature >38Â °C or 12,000 or 20/min or a PCO2 3.5 L min-1 M-23; 2) hyperglycaemia (plasma glucose >120 mg/dL) in the absence of diabetes; 3) significant oedema or positive fluid balance (20 mL/kg over 20 h); 4) inflammatory variables: plasma C-reactive protein >2 SD above t he normal value or plasma procalcitonin >2 SD above the normal value and 5) mixed venous oxygen saturation (SVO2) >70% . (Dellinger RP et al., 2004). SIRS is generally not considered as a disease and its recognition does not provide any clinical conclusion. However, since it has proven to be a very useful for the identification of sepsis and its sequelae namely severe sepsis and septic shock it is regarded as a very important tool (Shanley TP. et al., 2006). Case Study: A 3-year-old boy was admitted to the intensive care unit because of fever, hypotension, and lethargy. A purpuric rash was noted on his arms and legs. Arterial blood gas analysis demonstrated hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis. The arterial lactate level was 10 mmol/L. He was intubated, resuscitated with crystalloid solution, started on broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, and given dopamine to maintain a MAP above 55 mmHg. His chest radiograph revealed bilateral interstitial-alveolar infiltrates with a left sided predominance. Gram stain of the cerebrospinal fluid showed gram-negative cocci. The dopamine infusion was increased to 18Â µg kg-1min-1 for persistent hypotension and oliguria. Pulmonary and radial arterial catheter data yielded the following blood pressure, 85/30 mm Hg; MAP, 48 mm Hg; heart rate, 140 beats per minute; CVP, 10 mm Hg; pulmonary artery pressure, 22/14 mm Hg; PCWP, 12 mm Hg; cardiac index, 2.5L min-1m-2; and SVRI, 1226 dyne-sec-cm-5m-2. The boy was treated with ad ditional saline and an epinephrine infusion, which increased the MAP, cardiac index, and urine output. Arterial lactate levels decreased over the next 12 hours. Subsequent cultures of blood and cerebrospinal fluid grew Neisseria meningitidis. In this case the patient with acute organ failure and hypotension was diagnosed with septic shock. The young boy with meningococcal septic shock had a borderline-low cardiac index. Due to this a decrease in the cardiac index in this patient by the administration of an NOS inhibitor might not be desirable. This is suggestive of the fact that NO or its synthesising means cannot always be targeted in order to battle septic shock. I will attempt to go into further details with regards to this statement as we go along the essay. Nitric Oxide discovery: Joseph Priestly first identified gaseous NO in 1772. NO also named Nitrogen Monoxide is a very simple and tiny molecule consisting of one nitrogen and one oxygen molecule. Unknown of its fundamental physiological roles in the mammals, until the 1980s NO was widely considered as a mere toxic atmospheric pollutant (Konstantin J. Ovodov et al., 2000). In the 1980s researchers were examining how blood vessels expand (dilate) hence regulate the mean arterial blood pressure. Dilation of blood vessels, also termed vasodilation is a very important physiological response which partly regulates the blood pressure. By increasing the diameter of blood vessels, vasodilation causes the blood to travel more freely due to lower resistance (RF Furchgott, 1980). Since the blood vessel lumen widens during vasodilation, the blood imposes less outward pressure on the vessel wall hence reducing the blood pressure. In opposition, vasoconstriction reduces the diameter of the lumen increasing the BP. These physiological responses occur all the time in the human body regulating the BP and therefore are one of the most fundamental mechanisms of the human body. Dr Robert Furchgott and his group, later in 1980s investigated the role of acetylcholine in the smooth muscle relaxation and found that relaxation only occurred if a special class of cells called endothelial cells were present (RF Furchgott, 1980). These cells line the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. Behind the endothelial cells are the smooth muscle cells which either relax or contract thus regulating the vascular tone (RF Furchgott, 1991). The same research group also discovered that smooth muscle were only able to vasodilate the blood vessels in the presence of endothelial cells. This indicated that there was some kind of factor that was being released by the endothelial cells which was involved in the dilation of the blood vessel. This factor was named Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor (EDRF) and subsequently specified as NO (S Moncada et al., 1997). In 1977, Ferid Murad independantly investigated the mechanism of action of nitroglycerin and found that it worked by inducing the release of NO which in turn was able to cause relaxation of smooth muscle cells (F Murad et al., 1977). Louis Ignarro in 1986 finally resolved the whole perplex of EDRF and NO by declaring that EDRF was in fact NO. It was stated that both molecules showed identical properties when he compared gas Nitric Oxide and EDRF (Ignarro, L. J. Et al. 1987). In 1998, Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded to Drs. Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro, and Ferid Murad for their discoveries that vascular endothelial cells make nitric oxide (NO) and that such endothelium-derived NO stimulates cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis in the underlying vascular smooth muscle, causing relaxation (Kilbourn, 1999). Since the discovery of NO, vast number of its physiological roles in normal conditions have been reported including in the immune system, nervous system, reproductive system and other cellular functions. It has also been found to play important roles in variety of species ranging from mammals, to insects and plants. Role of Nitric Oxide in Biology Since it was first discovered to play a role in the dilation of blood vessels many new roles for Nitric Oxide (NO) have been discovered. In human body, NO is metabolised by its diffusion into red blood cells where it oxidizes the ferrous iron of oxyhemoglobin yielding methemoglobin and nitrate ions (NO3-) (J.M. Hevel et al., 1994 and Konstantin J. Ovodov and Ronald G. Pearl, 2000). This meachanism limits local NO build up and is particularly important in keeping NO concentration in naomolar range, at least in nonhydrophobic compartments (i.e. outside cell membranes) (Beckman Koppenol, 1996). Nitric oxide has been found to be produced by effectively every cell type in vivo and plays an important role in both controlling the normal function of cells as well as in regulating larger scale processes such as the reproductive, immune and nervous systems. A few of these biological functions for NO are described in more detail below. The Immune System Nitric oxide plays many important roles in the immune system although it is expressed in many cell types following endotoxin or pro-inflammatory cytokine treatment (C. Nathan et al., 1991 and R.G. Knowles et al., 1994). NO, in immune system, is produced in high amounts from specific cells called macrophages. Proceedingly to an infection, chemicals known as cytokines are release in vivo which activate the cells of the immune system such as macrophages, and help guide them to the site of infection (S. Moncada et al., 1991 and C. Nathan et al., 1991). NO produced by the macrophages is toxic to the bacteria and play an important role in their destruction (Fig 1). The production of nitric oxide in this way also helps protect against other types of infection including parasites and viruses (S. Moncada et al., 1991). However, too much nitric oxide production can not only lead to septic shock but has also been implicated in conditions where the immune system is too active autoimmune diseases like arthritis (Jang D and Murrell G A, 1998). The Nervous System Nitric oxide has been shown to be involved in both the peripheral and central nervous system. The three nitric oxide producing isotypes of enzyme (iNOS, eNOS, nNOS) (see section) in humans, one isotype (neuronal NOS (nNOS)) is found almost exclusively in the nervous system (Forstermann et al., 1995). nNOS is thought to be involved in promoting the transfer of interneuronal nerve signals. This is thought to take place by the stimulation of exocytosis (release) of endogenous chemicals called neurotransmitters of one neurone (Moncada et al., 1991; Forstermann and Kleinert, 1995). These NT then diffuse across the synaptic cleft (gap between neuronal terminals) and stimulate the neighbouring nerve cell terminal to transmit the signal (Otto Loewi, 1961). NO has shown to play a substantial role in diseases of the nervous system like Alzheimers and Parkinsons. In both diseases, the inhibition of NO has shown to slow down the progression of the disease in mice (Weill Cornell Team, 2005 and Jo hns Hopkins et al., 2004). Reproductive Biology Nitric oxide is one of the most important molecule in the course of reproduction and is involved in many aspects of it. As well as dilating the blood vessels and thereby helping to regulate maternal blood pressure, NO is also involved in implanting the early embryo in the uterus (Rogers, 1995). During pregnancy, nitric oxide is also suggested promote angiogenesis (a process in which new blood vessels are formed) (RayChaudhury et al., 1996). It is also known to play a role in the survival of trophoblasts (form placenta) (Enders et al., 1978). Furthermore deficiency of NO has been found in patients with preeclampsia (a medical condition in pregnancy) suggesting its partial role in growth of embryo (Yallampalli et al., 1994; Liao et al., 1996). In addition, drugs (Viagra) used to treat erectile dysfunction also affect nitric oxide signalling. Cellular function A notable number of cellular activities can be controlled by nitric oxide including cell division, cell movement and cell survival. The majority of cells in human body have the ability to undergo programmed cellular death. This is a self-destructive mechanism usually called apoptosis which often occurs when a cell is damaged and beyond repair, infected with a virus, or undergoing stressful conditions such as starvation (Kerr et al., 1972). Cells in these conditions go through apoptosis so that they dont hinder the proper functioning of the rest of the tissue. During apoptosis, the structures of the cell break down in an organised manner, forming a packaged cell that is smaller in size so that it can be easily removed by the cells of the immune system (Kerr et al., 1972). Nitric oxide was first shown to inhibit apoptosis hence promoting cell survival in human B lymphocytes (Mannick, J. B. Et al., 1994). Subsequently similar finding were reported in an ample number of other cells. However, high doses of nitric oxide also have deleterious effects. They can be toxic to many cell types and can lead to septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in which case NO causes cell death instead of promoting cell survival (Beal Cerra, 1994). Nitric Oxide and Inflammation (Pathophysiology of septic shock) This section will deal with mechanism by which wall fragments of Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria and other inflammatory agents induce nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cells and tissues. Exogenous toxins which enter the circulation stimulate the synthesis and release of a number of endogenous cytokines. During a gram-negative infection which can lead to septic shock, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and endotoxins present on bacterial wall and many other inflammatory agents bind to a co-receptor (CD14) on the surface of specific immune cells like macrophages, resulting in their activation (J.C. Lee et al., 1996). LPS also bind to LPS-binding proteins which are produced by the liver. These proteins facilitate LPS binding to the CD14 co-receptor of the macrophages. The CD14 co-receptor is activated through the binding of LPS to a toll-like molecule (TLR4), (Re F, Strominger J. Et al., 2001) which is responsible for initiating the transmembrane signaling. TLR2 molecules act in the same way as TLR4, (Leppper PM et al., 2002) though; these are activated by gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and yeast. Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus have further additional wall fragments such as peptidoglycan (PepG) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Both PepG and LTA have been shown to synergise to produce the characteristic features of septic shock, MODS and ultimately death in rodent models (S.J. De Kimpe et al., 1995 and G.M. Millar et al., 1997). These effects were not observed with either LTA or peptidoglycan alone, although high doses of LTA can cause circulatory failure but not MODS (S.J. De Kimpe et al., 1995). Gram-positive bacteria may also release other enterotoxins and exotoxins, for example toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, which are involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis (reviewed in (R.C. Bone et al., 1994)). The additional fragments released by Gram-positive bacteria bind to unknown receptors however, like LPS binding, cause the release of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-1ß, and IFN-? (Thiemermann, 1997, Titheradge, 1999). These cytokines as well as IL-6 are often produced in response to immune stimulation of macrophages and monocytes hence also in septic shock patients. IL-1 and TNF each occur in two forms, a and ß. TNF- a and both forms of IL-1 are made by activated monocytes and macrophages, whereas TNF- ß is made by activated T lymphocytes (Review by J. Saklatvala et al., 1996). There are two receptors for both IL-1 and TNF and the two forms of each cytokine interact with the same receptors. IL-1 a and ß interact with the type 1 IL-1 receptor for signal transduction, whereas type II does not appear to transmit any signal and functions as an inhibitor of IL-1 action (J. Saklatvala et al., 1996). The two types of TNF receptor, p55 (type I) and p75 (type II) have different end effects; p75 mediates the proliferative actions of TNF- a while p55 receptor signals the inflammatory response and apoptosis (J. Saklatvala et al., 1996). Complex interactions between these different mediators produce intense pathophysiological modification, which eventually lead to diffuse tissue injury and ultimately sequential system failure (multiple organ dysfunc tion syndrome), which accounts for the majority of deaths among patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock (Beal Cerra, 1994). IL-1ß and TNF-a have a very short half life compared to IL-6 and therefore IL-6 is a very good indicator of cytokinemia. The initial studies of septic shock, showed a very strong positive correlation between IL-6 levels and fatal outcome (Casey L. Et al., 1993). NO is equally a very short lived molecule with an estimated in vivo half life of only 0.1 seconds hence again it is hard to measure its levels in order to detect the severity of cytokinemia hence the severity of sepsis or septic shock. There are several molecules that contribute to the pro and anti-inflammatory responses in septic shock (Table 4); however I shall only focus on a few due to the limited word allowance. In response to inflammatory agents in septic shock, the released cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1ß, and IFN- ?), bind to their specific receptors activating a protein kinase called tyrosine kinase leading to both the activation of the nuclear factor-kB (NF-?B) (a transcription factor) and the phosphorylation of intracellular protein (Gao et al., 2008). A precise mechanism by which these cytokines act was proposed by J. Saklatvala et al. in 1996 however this has yet to be confirmed. Nitric oxide producing cells contain I-?B which is an inhibitor of NF-?B. For the activation of NF-?B, proteolytic cleavage of I-?B from NF-?B is required which forms NF-?B. This biological change allows the activated NF-?B to translocate to the nucleus, where it binds to the promoter region of the iNOS gene inducing transcription. It has also been reported to induce other inflammatory agents, such as cytokines and leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules (Janssen-Heininger et al., 2000). Tyrosine kinase present inside the cell acts as a messenger molecule involved in the proteolytic cleavage of I-?B/NF-?B and hence in the activation of NF-?B and iNOS expression (Hecker M, et al., 1996). In septic shock, the translated products of iNOS mRNA subsequently assemble forming the iNOS protein which in turn causes local NO proliferation (Thiemermann, 1997). Fig 2 shows the signal transduction pathway of iNOS expression in response to inflammatory agents. The physiological role of iNOS is to enhance the formation of NO (due to iNOS activity), which in turn may contribute to either the pathophysiology of septic shock (clinbical symptoms) or the host defence (Reviewed in Gao et al., 2008). Fig 3 shows a simplified schematic of the Anti Inflammatory cascade in the context of septic shock. Excess NO produced by iNOS has been reported to both induce and inhibit NF-?B (Kalra et al., 2000; Umansky et al., 1998). In year 2000, it was proposed that low levels of NO may induce further NO production while high concentrations do the opposite exhibiting a feedback mechanisms that would oppose the over expression of genes regulated by NF-?B (Janssen-Heininger et al., 2000). In addition NO at high concentrations competes with O2 at the active site of NOS, thus providing a feedback mechanism of its own synthesis (Griscavage et al., 1995; Rengasamy Johns, 1993). Biological Synthesis of Nitric Oxide (Nitric Oxide Synthases) NOS structure and substrates for NO production: In mammals, NO is exclusively formed from the enzymatic oxidation of one terminal guanidino nitrogen of the amino acid L-arginine. When expressed in moles, this reaction utilizes 1 mol each of arginine and O2, and 1.5 mol of NADPH, yielding 1 mol of NO, 1 mol of L-citrulline and 1.5 mol of NADP (R.G. Knowles et al., 1994). The reaction sequence involves the generation of an Ng-hydroxy-L-arginine intermediate, followed by the oxidation of Ng-hydroxy-L-arginine in presence of molecular oxygen to form L-citrulline and NO (Dennis J. Stuehr et al., 1991 and R.G. Knowles et al., 1994). The enzymes that accelerate the reaction above are a family of relatively large heme proteins known as NO synthase (NOS) which resemble cytochrome P450 structurally (M. M. Chan et al., 2001 and Francois Feihl, 2001) (The general mechanism of NO production from NOS is illustrated in Fig 4). All members of this family share a similar homodimeric structure, where each monomer consists of a an oxygenase domain and a reductase domain, separated by a short amino acids (30aa) sequence for the attachment of the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin. In addition to calmodulin attachment, enzymatic activity requires the presence of four cofactors: FAD, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), and heme (Francois Feihl, 2001). Fig 5 shows the general structure of the NOS enzymes. Nitric Oxide Synthase isoforms and their locus in the Human Body: There are three known isoforms of NOS, each the product of a different gene: neuronal NOS (nNOS or NOS-1), inducible NOS (iNOS or NOS-2), and endothelial NOS (eNOS or NOS-3). nNOS and eNOS were first described in rat cerebellum and bovine aortic endothelial cells, respectively, but their tissue distribution is far wider than suggested by their names. eNOS and nNOS are involved in regulating vascular tone (R.G. Knowles et al.,1992 and S. Moncada et al., 1991) and neurotransmission respectively, whereas iNOS is involved in the immune defence although it is expressed in many cell types following endotoxin or pro inflammatory cytokine treatment (R.G. Knowles et al., 1994). nNOS is typically expressed in skeletal muscle and myenteric plexuses. eNOS is ubiquitous in vascular endothelium, but may also be found in the kidney tubular epithelial cells, placenta (Forstermann et al., 1995), and neurons (Nathan Xie, 1994). In these tissues, the expression of nNOS and eNOS is constitutive, although it may be regulated (Michel Feron, 1997). For instance, the levels of transcript for eNOS in vascular endothelial cells is increased by shear stress (Topper et al., 1996; Uematsu et al., 1995) and exercise (Wang et al., 1997), reduced by inflammatory stimuli such as TNF-a (Nathan Xie, 1994) and variably affected by hypoxia (Le Cras et al., 1998; Toporsian et al., 2000). In the physiological state, the iNOS isoform is only present at a few locations, notably the respiratory epithelium, the gravid uterus (Nathan Xie, 1994), and perhaps the ileal mucosa (Hoffman et al., 1997). iNOS expression has been demonstrated in numerous cell types including macrophages, neutrop hils, vascular endothelial (Hoffmann et al., 1999), smooth muscle cells, endocardium, myocardium, fibroblast, mesangial cells, renal tubular epithelium (Kunz et al., 1994), neurons, hepatocytes, pancreatic islet cells and astrocytes (Nathan Xie, 1994). iNOS can be induced by a number factors including UV light; cyclic AMP-elevating agents; trauma; ozone and bacterial products described earlier (see section). On the other hand, many endogenous agents may oppose cytokine induction of iNOS. These include anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and growth factors such as tumor growth factor-ß (Forstermann et al., 1995). In all NOS isoforms, calmodulin binding is an absolutely vital for enzymatic activity. In the cases of eNOS and nNOS, this binding necessitates relatively high concentrations of Ca2+ (see Fig 7), in the range of 0.1-1 mM (Forstermann et al., 1995). In contrast, iNOS is able to bind calmodulin virtually independ ant of Ca2+ (Table 2). Therefore, once iNOS is expressed, NO synthesis may only be limited by the availability of substrates and cofactors (J. Stuehr, 1990). As NO produced from iNOS predominantly depends only on iNOS expression, it lasts much longer than NO formed from the other isoforms of NOS. In addition iNOS produces much higher concentrations of Ca2+ compared to the consecutive forms of NOS (Cobb et al., 1996). The production of NO by eNOS and nNOS, compared to iNOS, can be controlled relatively easily by decreasing or increasing intracellular Ca2+, whereas iNOS can only be controlled through transcription (Cobb et al., 1996). In most cell types iNOS protein levels are either very low or undetectable. However, stimulation of these cells by cytokines or growth factors, can lead to increased transcription of the iNOS gene, with subsequent production of NO. On the other hand, for the prevention of iNOS expression through endotoxins, TGF-ß (Szabo, 1995) and anti inflammatory gl ucocorticoids can be administered which lower the magnitude of vascular hyporeactivity. Glucocorticoids such as Dexamethasone inhibit iNOS activity by blocking arginine transport and inhibiting tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis (A.J.B. Brady et al., 1992 and Thiemermann C et al., 1993). Regulation of NO production In the normal as well as in extreme physiological states (e.g. during infection), nitric oxide is considered as one of the most important signalling molecules in vivo. It is however also highly reactive and highly diffusible due to it being a free radical (one unpaired electron) (see fig 8). It is therefore important that there is strict control and regulation of nitric oxide production. The synthesis of NO within cells can be regulated in several ways such as the cellular distribution of NOS, changes in NOS gene expression, enzymatic activation by phosphorylation and the presence of cellular inhibitors NOS activity. Intracellular distribution of NOS Nitric oxide is principally regulated through strict control over the location of NO production. The NOS isoforms can be targeted to different regions of the cell, where NO will be produced in close contact with its target proteins. The image below shows the distribution of iNOS (shown in green in image 1) and eNOS (shown in red) in a trophoblast cell. The nucleus is shown in blue. Co-localisation between iNOS and eNOS will show up as a yellow colour (Phil Dash, University of Reading). The image shows that eNOS and iNOS are fairly variably distributed inside the cell, with hardly any yellow colour suggesting very little overlap in their cellular distribution (Phil Dash, University of Reading).Although both iNOS and eNOS produce NO it is likely that their different cellular distribution will lead to NO interacting with different targets and therefore having different effects (Phil Dash, University of Reading). It is very likely that the distribution of NOS isoforms is an important mechanism for regulating when and where NO is produced. Therefore the current research on NOS mainly focuses on how endogenous signals trigger NOS transport and redistribution (Rahul S. Koti et al., 2005). Activation of NOS activity NOS enzyme synthesis is principally regulated by changes in intracellular calcium levels. The constitutive isoforms of NOS, (eNOS and nNOS) have shown to proliferate following increases in Ca2+, and therefore calmodulin levels, in the cell (Rameau et al., 2003). Additionally both nNOS and

Analyze Hawthornes Rhetorical Strategies

The Scarlet Letter Essay In the novel, The Scarlet Letter, the author, Nathaniel Hawthorne depicts major themes of the book through usage of various symbols. By utilizing symbolism, Hawthorne portrays humanity’s disposition towards those rejected by society and the effects of being an outcast, along with other various meanings conveyed in Hawthorne’s novel. The most obvious symbol, and the most important, is the scarlet letter that Hester is burdened to wear due to her conviction of adultery. Such symbols convey an intriguing message of hypocrisy that lies beyond the naked eye. Through his use of symbolism, a hidden message portraying hypocrisy is revealed line after line. Early in the novel, as the crowd awaits Hester to emerge, Hawthorne vividly describes a prison in which the puritan disciplinary system is symbolized. Hawthorne writes that â€Å"†¦ whatever Utopia of human virtue and happiness†(Hawthorne 45) the founders hoped to achieve, but â€Å"Hawthorne deflates the tradition of American dreams of Utopia and new social orders†(Pearl) by pointing out that both a cemetery and a prison were among the first structures to be built. However, Puritan society is based on religious enlightenment, yet despite their morals, the first structure to be built in Boston was a prison, a place of punishment, darkness, and sin. Puritan morals expect tranquility within the society and to surely repress sin, but by building a prison, they almost antagonize sin to be committed as the prison proves to be â€Å"†¦ borne the black flower of civilized society†¦ † (Hawthorne 46). The prison symbolizes corrupt society plagued by hypocrisy within the religious system as it defies puritan beliefs of a sin-free environment by bringing darkness upon social life in Boston. Hawthorne brings light upon the darkness by contrasting the prison with a rose bush that â€Å"†¦. had merely survived out of the stern old wilderness, so long after the fall of the gigantic pines and oaks that originally over-shadowed it ,- or whether, as there is fair authority for believing.. † (46). The rose bush signified â€Å"Sweet moral blossom† (46) that emerged from the hypocrisy of Puritan society. Hawthorne makes several reference to the rose bush throughout the novel as in chapter 8 when pearl claims she was â€Å"plucked by her mother off the bush of wild red roses that grew by the prison door†(102). Salvation for the prisoners is depicted by the rose bush, this symbolizes that Pearl is the key to salvation for both Hester and Dimmesdale. Pearl was born through an act of sin, as she lives in a world of sin she must be sanctified along with serving as salvation to all the characters as she represents light among darkness. To truly understand the nature of Hawthorne’s symbolism used to depict hypocrisy, one must understand the meaning of the infamous Scarlet Letter â€Å"A†. Throughout the novel, the scarlet letter â€Å"takes on several different meanings† (Pearl) for each of the characters. For the public, the letter is â€Å"taking Hester out of the ordinary relations with humanity and inclosing her in a sphere by herself†(51). Due to Hawthorne’s unique usage of symbolism â€Å"†¦ we are invited to enter a separate sphere, where both imagination and moral growth can occur†(Pearl). As Hester becomes accustomed to wearing the lettter, the meaning of the â€Å"A† gradually transcends from meaning â€Å"adulterer† to symbolizing â€Å"able† or â€Å"angel†. Apart from symbolizing the obvious, the letter also depicts a major theme of the book, hypocrisy. Puritans believe that people should not be punished for sin, however the Puritan leaders made Hester face a lifetime of embarrassment by making her wear the letter. Keep in mind these leaders are also the leaders who preach the word of God while condemning Hester revealing their nature of hypocrisy. Hawthorne’s symbolism usage leads the reader to reflect on why followers of a religion that stood for forgiveness would merciless condemn its own for the most rational actions. Symbols portrayed in The Scarlet Letter range from representing the hypocrisy and corruptness of Puritan society, to showing how salvation can exist in a world full of sin.

Essay about Media Stereotyping of Men and Women - 770 Words

After watching television and flipping though ads and articles in several magazines, the stereotyping of men and women is so apparent but at the same time society is so blind to it. In society parents teach their children gender roles at a very early age. Gender roles refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex learned through the socialization process. Males are traditionally expected to show aggressiveness and toughness, and females are expected to be passive and nurturing. For example, little girls play with baby dolls and play house and little boys play with toy guns and play cops and robbers. Mass media are powerful factors that influence societys beliefs,†¦show more content†¦Men are in most of the commercials about financial matters – Business matters, debt consolidating, mortgages and car commercials. Major purchases, business relations and financial problems are to be handled by men. Why are women so underrepresented in industry and business? Clearly it is because of the double standard that society holds women to. Females are forced to adopt the masculine administration practices of proficiency and boldness. However, women who do this have been rated as less proficient and sufficient. Studies have demonstrated that women who exhibit these qualities are discriminated against. These negative reactions are more specifically those of males because they feel intimidated by it. The effect of this extra stress is so extreme that women are held out of nearly all corporate management positions (Fox). So, a woman must change her personality to one more feminine and submissive in order to become more profitable and desirable in the corporate job market. This is a result of the distinctions between genders created by society. Another example of gender stereotyping is sports coverage. Woman who participate in sports, especially sports that are considered inappropriate for women, are often portrayed in a negative way. Women athletes are almost invisible and never covered on television. While male athletes have article after article,Show MoreRelated Media Stereotyping of Men and Women Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout society, men and women have been expected to live by guidelines consisting of media generated ideas and ways of living out life. Both men and women’s thinking process are being altered the negative effects of society’s mass media. For both sexes, this repeating negative exposure causes a constant downfall in self-image and creates media influenced decisions that lead to unhealthy lifestyles. The media effects the thinking process of both men and women in negative ways therefore media needs to beRead MoreGender Labeling And Gender Stereotypes1551 Words   |  7 Pagessocie ty to view them also. Stereotyping is prevalent in popular television shows, music videos, the workforce and various other advertisement billboards in the U.S. It is difficult to oppose the stereotypical behavior that is displayed in the media that supposedly mirrors the actual behaviors of the different genders due to the overflowing, constant reminder of what each gender looks like and how each should act. The article entitled, â€Å"Gendered Media: The Influence of Media on Views of Gender† is aboutRead MoreNegative Influence on Women in the Media Melanic R. Salomes Article853 Words   |  3 Pagesby Melanic R. Salome , is about the women’s misrepresentation of in media . Salome considers media as an important tool that affects American women in a negative way. Media has become of paramount interest in our lives, despite the fact that its negative influences on us are increasing at a rapid pace. Media promotes unrealistic and unattainable images that result in depression and dissatisfaction among people. Therefore, media reflects the image of society and the way people think about themselvesRead MoreMedia Stereotypes’ Effect on Women in the Workplace Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagesportrayed by the media. A stereotype is an oversimplified conception that you put on someone because of the way they look, what gender they are, or countless other categories that we put people in. Many people fail to realize how the media influences the way they think about people of a different nationality, race, religion, or gender. This widespread belief in stereotypes has adversely affected women in the workplace. Ann Hopkins is a prime example of the negative impact stereotyping has had in theRead MoreWomen s Media And Gender Roles1492 Words   |  6 Pages Women have been attacked in society through the media. Mass media are a reflection of society informed by particular power and values (Stirinati, 2006). Although the representation of women is not a copy of reality, mass media act as image and message,’ should be’ a reflection or representation of society (Hollows, 2000). This contributes to condemn gender role in the media and in real society, which leads women to be annihilated and limited in the media. In 1978, Gaye Tuchman called women’s inRead MoreComparison of Turkeys in the Kitchen and You Just Walk on By Essays1640 Words   |  7 Pagestime; he uses a highly conversational style to prove this, as well as narrates to give the reader a better understanding of exactly what he’s talking about. Staples, on the other hand, uses a more authoritative tone to support his theme of racial stereotyping; he also uses the mode of rhetoric exemplification to his benefit, and is able to show the audience that this issue is just as important as the gender stereotypes that take place in our society still today. Barry believes that despite the factRead MoreStereotyping Is Inevitable, By James Baldwin1717 Words   |  7 PagesStereotyping is inevitable, we all do it ad we all experience it, but this does not mean it does not effect us. Stereotypes are all around us. They effect the way we think about ourselves and the way we think about the people around us. Stereotyping leads us to act certain ways and treat people certain ways. At times it can be beneficial to a certain group, but may bring many disadvantages to others. Many times stereotypes limit us and restricting our success in life. In â€Å"A Letter to My Nephew,†Read MoreGender Stereotyping Standards For Men And Women Across America909 Words   |  4 PagesGender stereotyping sets standards for men and women across America, this being true for the past few hundred years. It is not secret that women are said to be most useful in the kitchen, and that men are to be found somewhere doing hard work, being the bread winner. Also, in the way we allow our young children to be identified; blue means it’s a boy, pink means it’s a girl. As times change, so does society and its mentality as a whole. Some stereotypes have been more difficult to break than othersRead MoreThe Topic Of Representation And Stereotypes 983 Words   |  4 Pages‘Representation and stereotypes’. Using a media example I will be exploring the concept of why stereotypes are used so commonly and do they really matter. Through my research, I hope to provide substantial evidence, which backup my points throughout and give the reader a clear understanding of how stereotypes are used in my chosen piece of media text. Stereotypes have always been around it’s not a new concept people are only discovering recently. Stereotyping is people’s thoughts on others not likeRead MoreHow Would You Like It If You Were Continuously Told What1472 Words   |  6 Pageswould you like it if you were earning 20% less than men for the exact same job? Good morning Ms Lewis and students, today I’ll be talking to you about how there are numerous causes for the countless components that are accountable for the upsurge of gender stereotyping in today’s society. Some of these issues are things like advertising based around kids and adults and the pay gap between genders. These two influences that generate gender stereotyping which in this case is absurd. In fact, its highly

Career Opportunities With a Criminal Justice Degree 2019

Considering a degree in Criminal Justice? You may be asking yourself, What can you do with a Criminal Justice Degree? The answer depends on what you, the student, finds most challenging and rewarding on the long list of possible career options that Criminal Justice graduates enjoy. While pursuing a degree in Criminal Justice, colleges and universities offer several different career majors for students pursuing a career in Criminal Justice. Careers in Criminal Justice have experienced considerable growth, especially since the introduction of science to the processing of crimes, and the recent growth in the threat of national and international terrorism. A Criminal Justice degree offers many focuses for the student and prepares students for careers in many arenas of Criminal Justice including Crime Scene Investigation, Paralegal Studies, and Legal Services and Court Processes, to name a few. Colleges and Universities offer online Bachelors programs in Criminal Justice, Masters degrees in Criminal Justice, and even Criminal Justice Doctoral programs. .ub0939936a77b3e2ce60338bde6fb225e { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ub0939936a77b3e2ce60338bde6fb225e:active, .ub0939936a77b3e2ce60338bde6fb225e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ub0939936a77b3e2ce60338bde6fb225e { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ub0939936a77b3e2ce60338bde6fb225e .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ub0939936a77b3e2ce60338bde6fb225e .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ub0939936a77b3e2ce60338bde6fb225e:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ How to Prepare for an InterviewA Criminal Justice degree opens career paths to Law Enforcement, prosecution and defense, incarceration and rehabilitation, assessment and supervision of criminals, social work and social services, Corporate Law and security, Homeland Security, investigations, court reporting, juvenile justice facilities, parole services, and Crime Scene Forensics. Below are listed several career options graduates of Criminal Justice degrees pursue: Attorney Federal Bureau of Investigations Agent Border Patrol Agent Law Librarian Central Intelligence Agency Agent Legal Secretary Corrections Officer Paralegal Court Reporter Police Officer Crime Scene Technician Private Investigator Criminal Investigator Probation and Parole Officer Customs Agent Secret Service Agent Detective Sheriff Drug Enforcement Agent United States Marshall The specialty careers of Criminal Justice may require specific qualifications depending on the students career choice. For example, students pursuing a career in Law Enforcement or security must be physically and emotionally fit for the sometimes physically and emotionally grueling work of policing, with some employers requiring students seeking a career in Law Enforcement to attend Police Academy. Those pursuing a career in Crime Scene Investigations must possess the ability to stay emotionally stable during crisis since the processing of crime scenes can be disturbing and graphic. Certain careers in the Criminal Justice field require that candidates meet specific educational requirements. Some Criminal Justice careers require education on the certification level only, while other require Bachelors, Masters, and even Doctorate degrees. The University of Phoenix offers a Bachelors of Science degree program that prepares students for careers in policing, criminal law, and corrections, including management skills. Additionally, Colorado Technical University offers online programs in Criminal Justice with majors in Crime Scene Investigation and Legal Studies and Court Processes. Students at Colorado Technical University learn how to process and preserve crime scene evidence, and prepare criminal cases for court. With so many colleges and universities answering in so many ways to the question, What can you do with a Criminal Justice Degree?, the possibilities are endless. .u717558a1641e6021dfc7b4d7a1891d2f { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u717558a1641e6021dfc7b4d7a1891d2f:active, .u717558a1641e6021dfc7b4d7a1891d2f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u717558a1641e6021dfc7b4d7a1891d2f { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u717558a1641e6021dfc7b4d7a1891d2f .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u717558a1641e6021dfc7b4d7a1891d2f .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u717558a1641e6021dfc7b4d7a1891d2f:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Online RN to BSN Degree Become Qualified to Work as an Operating Room NurseRelated ArticlesSo You Have a Criminal Justice Degree, Now WhatConsider Earning Your Criminal Justice Degree OnlineFind Law, Criminal Justice, Social Science Degree ProgramsCriminal Justice Online Training Postal Inspectors Keep Workers Safe and Investigate FraudAssociate Degree in Criminal Justice Boost Earning Potential and Streamline into the Criminal Justice WorkforceHelping the Nation With an Online Associates in Criminal Justice

My Philosophy of Teaching Essay - 506 Words

My Philosophy of Teaching When thinking of a philosophy of teaching, four major issues need to be considered. Those issues are one’s views on education, the role of the teacher, teaching and learning, and on the children. This is something that someone entering the teaching profession needs to give serious thought to and realize the importance that this will hold in the future. The following essay will express my philosophy of teaching. One very important factor in every life is the education received as we mature. Education in all subjects is necessary to become a well-rounded individual. Even so, I feel that my subject area has more significance in one’s future because every person uses mathematics every day.†¦show more content†¦This allows students to build confidence in their own ability to apply what they have previously learned to new concepts and promotes self-exploration. As I think of the issues that should be considered when developing one’s teaching philosophy, the view on children is the one that I find is most important. The children should always be the first priority, forget standardized tests. If students aren’t learning for their future accomplishments, then my job isn’t being done correctly. Children are sponges that absorb everything, and with the right motivation, all students are able to learn and have the drive to want to learn to better themselv es as individuals, and that is what teaching is all about. In conclusion, teaching has many aspects that need to be considered. I have seen examples of teachers with amazing philosophies on teaching and those are the teachers that everyone remembers. I have had wonderful teachers who have become my role models, and if I can become half the teacher that they were, I would be satisfied. I have also learned what a bad teacher is and the effect to a student’s morale that such a teacher can have. Observing how teachers have implemented their philosophies over the years has led to the development of my own philosophy. I can only hope that the way that I implement my teaching philosophy inspires some other eager, young minds into the profession ofShow MoreRelatedMy Philosophy Of Teaching Philosophy911 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching Philosophy When I think about my teaching philosophy, I think of a quote by Nikos Kazantzakis, Greek writer and philosopher. Kazantzakis states, â€Å"True teachers are those who use themselves as bridges over which they invite their students to cross; then, having facilitated their crossing, joyfully collapse, encouraging them to create their own.† In my classroom, I will provide an environment that shows I am a â€Å"true teacher.† Philosophy of Discipline I believe that children learn best andRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teaching For Teaching932 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I was learning about teaching in college classes my philosophy of education was different than when I actually started doing my student teaching. As soon as a teacher enters the classroom, it should be his/her second home. Teaching is a field of occupation where teacher needs have these two personality traits: patience and flexibility. Not all teachers are same thus each has their unique way of teaching students. My philosophy for teaching is very simple and fair. I would like to incorporateRead MoreMy Philosophy : My Teaching Philosophy893 Words   |  4 PagesMy Teaching Philosophy Since Koreans started to learn English, thousands of people have struggled to master the language. Parents currently invest a lot of money and their children spend enormous amounts of time studying English as government suggests new language policies. However, proper verification and investigation of those policies have not been done yet and the outlet is really not promising (Suh, 2007). Most Korean students study English for tests. The purpose of English is so focused onRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Teaching932 Words   |  4 Pages This is my personal philosophy of teaching. This is my belief about teaching and learning and how I will put my beliefs into classroom practices. First and foremost, the purpose of education is to educate students so that they can be ready for the real world. It should prepare students for life, work, and citizenship. To do this, education should teach one to think creatively and productively. In addition to preparing students for the real world, all students should be able to read and comprehendRead MoreTeaching Philosophy : My Philosophy1100 Words   |  5 PagesTeaching Philosophy: Lauren Gross EDUC 120 Learn to Teach, Learn to Learn. / Use the past to teach the future ( That is my philosophy) Theory helps teachers think about what we experience and furthermore to teach and learn about how we, as educators, learn. Teachers should be supportive and cooperative, teachers should play the role of a friend, but also stealthily act in the role of advisor or guide for students. Teachers should live by existing educational theories, but also be able to createRead MoreMy Philosophy : Teaching Philosophy1071 Words   |  5 PagesAfter reading Professor Varis teaching philosophy it is quite evident he takes great consideration for his students and their learning opportunities. As I reflect on and review my understanding and my learning philosophy I am given the chance to reflect on past classes and possibly what could have been different on my behalf and the professor’s behalf. Also at this time I relish the opportunity to contimplate what my values, principles, achievement skills and also my expectations for this class areRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teaching Philosophy1145 Wor ds   |  5 PagesMy teaching philosophy is to engage in a mutual exchange of knowledge with the students. I believe that through helping students to develop skills of critical reflection and critical thinking they will become able to carry out innovative research and also succeed in work beyond academia. Through interactive teaching methods such as group work, role play, and joint presentations I seek not only to encourage students to engage with me as an instructor, but also to exchange and discuss ideas with theirRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teaching Philosophy1888 Words   |  8 PagesTeaching Philosophy My philosophy of education is founded on the core principle that all children should have equal access to a quality education that will prepare them for higher education and to be contributing members of society. Schools were founded on the primary principle of teaching values to students as well as educating them academically. While values have been removed from the curriculum, I still believe much of what we do as teachers is instilling values in our students. As educators,Read MoreMy Teaching Philosophy1217 Words   |  5 Pagesis at the elementary school level. My current goal is to either teach the 4th or 5th grade level. Moreover, throughout the semester I have read about or seen different philosophies through the observations I have done throughout the semester. While reading chapter 6 in the class text I thought to myself, as an educator what will be teaching philosophy that best suited my beliefs. Moreover, in chapter 6 there was a test where one would figure out their phil osophy according to the test result. For meRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy1088 Words   |  5 PagesSince the beginning of my academic career, teaching has always been an important part of my academic duties. The interaction that I have with students is not only enjoyable to me, but it also gives me an invaluable perspective on the subjects I am teaching. Since I started my position at the Mathematical Institute at the University of Oxford, I have tutored in four classes across three semesters and supervised two projects, as detailed in my CV. I am also tutoring two new undergraduate classes in

Mt 460-02 Management Policy and Strategy Free Essays

Unit Seven Scotts Miracle-Gro Case Study Analysis XXX Kaplan University MT 460-02 Management Policy and Strategy Dr. Carrie A. O’Hare April 22, 2013 Unit Seven Scotts Miracle-Gro Case Study Analysis Introduction The submitted report identifies Scotts Miracle-Gro’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) (Pearce Robinson, 2011, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Mt 460-02 Management Policy and Strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now 140). Key issues will be explored concerning Scotts Miracle-Gro’s external environment and solutions developed to maximize its opportunities or minimize its biggest threats. This comprehensive analysis will used to add value to the company and its consumers. Synopsis (Background) of the Situation The Scotts Miracle-Gro Company (Scotts), based in Marysville, Ohio, was formed by a 1995 merger of Miracle-Gro and the Scotts Company (Pearce Robinson, 2011, p. 26-1). The merger made Scotts the largest company in the North American lawn and garden industry as well as the world’s leading supplier and marketer of consumer products for do-it-yourself lawn and garden care (Pearce Robinson, 2011, p. 26-1). The Scotts Company was founded in 1868 by Orlando McLean Scott as a purveyor of weed-free seeds. By 1879, Scotts had diversified into distribution of horse-drawn farm equipment and also started a mail-order farm seed distribution channel. Scotts began offering grass seeds for lawns in 1907, distributing through retail channels beginning in 1924 (Pearce Robinson, 2011, p. 26-1). In 1928, Scotts introduced Turf Builder, the first fertilizer specifically designed for grass and started its spreader business with the introduction of drop spreaders in 1930; broadcast spreaders were rolled out in 1983 (Pearce Robinson, 2011, p. 6-1). Scotts acquired Republic Tool Manufacturing Company in 1992 and gained competencies in total quality control over spreader manufacturing (Pearce Robinson, 2011, p. 26-1). Ownership of the firm changed hands several times, beginning in 1971 when ITT bought Scotts from the Scotts family. In 1986, a leveraged buy-out (LBO) made Scotts a private company again for a time, until 1992, when its stock started trading on the NASDAQ (Pearce Robinson, 2011, p. 2 6-2). Miracle-Gro was founded in 1951 by Horace Hagedon (Pearce Robinson, 2011, p. 26-2). Unlike Scotts, Miracle-Gro had no internal production; all production was outsourced to contract manufacturers. Before the 1995 merger with Scotts, Miracle Gro was already a leading brand in the lawn care chemical industry (Pearce Robinson, 2011, p. 26-2). By early 2000, Scotts Miracle-Gro products were No. 1 in every major category and in virtually every major market in which they competed (Pearce Robinson, 2011, p. 26-2). Key Issues The three key issues facing Scott’s are increased domestic production costs, dependence on large scaled customers, and profitability below market average. The comparatively high plant and labor costs of the Temecula plant continues to be an issue to the growth of Scott’s Miracle-Gro. The key issues revolve around the idea that that is has become expensive to produce fertilizer spreaders and lawn seed by Scott’s Temecula plant. Another weakness that has been identified is Scott’s over dependent to customers, such as Home Depot and Wal-Mart, which account for 61% of the company’s sales (Mays, 2012). These large consumers have demanded a change in policy and production by â€Å"leaner inventories to end their fiscal years as well as to move shipments closer to the start of the lawn and garden season (Mays, 2012). Scott’s also has experienced lower sales in the international segment, tumbling 21 percent, while also missing revenue targets in 2011 due to sales declining by -2%, an 8% miss (Mays, 2012). Define the Problem The main problem to Scott’s survivability and health is the increasing cost of production for the Temecula plant, which manufactures products for Scott’s Miracle-Gro. These increasing costs are driven by the higher labor costs. These increased costs are also in conjunction with higher prices for raw materials, energy costs, and higher state taxes. Alternative Solutions The three possible solutions to alleviating this issue is outsourcing, hiring lower waged workers, or slightly lower wages and offer bonuses for meeting certain milestones. Outsourcing to China may not be the best solution because it would raise costs in the distribution channel, which is not a desirable outcome for the long-term. Also hiring an outside work-force willing to accept a lower wage could jeopardize quality but the new employees can be instructed on how to provide quality when manufacturing the products which would generate a short term increase in costs for training. The other alternative is to move the plan to more friendly manufacturing state and slightly lower current employees’ wages if it is considered that they are higher, and also to identify areas where money can be saved. This would retain human capital which has led to productivity improvements which have averaged six per cent per year (Pearce Robinson, 2011, p. 26-4). In this section, you demonstrate your expertise by identifying a couple of different ways to solve the problem you identified in the previous section! Selected Solution to the Problem The most economical and viable solution would be to move production outside of California. Areas where costs can be saved are in the distribution of the products and in the procurement of raw materials. Scott’s should search for areas where expenses can be lowered and costs cut but that does not diminish employee morale and job satisfaction which can negatively impact productivity. The state that has been selected is Utah which has right-to-work law on the books which means lower labor costs, Utah also has a favorable regulatory climate and Utah’s 5% flat corporate tax rate is one of the lowest in the country (Badenhausen, 2012). Implementation Internal Stakeholders|   | External Stakeholders | Accounting- Assess budget |   | Customers- e. . Wal-Mart, Lowes, Home Depot| Operations- Calculate costs of operational processes |   | Suppliers – Local and current raw material suppliers| Procurement- Calculate the costs of purchasing material |   | Regulatory agencies- Local government agency| Human Resources- Calculate wages and benefits of current employees, management, and executives. Identify training for new plant. Create benefit package to retain current employees. |   | Natives- Local community| Legal Department- Develop and review contracts for new facilities and suppliers.   | | Information Technology- Develop network for supply chain, operations and sales. Maintain integrity of database|   | | Initiating Process Group- Time frame- Within one month * Project Integration Management * Reason- Develop Project Charter * Project Communications Management * Reason- Identify Stakeholders Planning Process Group Time frame- Within one month (to run concurrent to the initiation process) * Project Scope Management: (Within two weeks) Reason- Define Scope (Moving plant operations and distribution) and Create a work breakdown structure (WBS) * Project Procurement: (Within two weeks after project is defined) * Reason- Plan Procurements (Where, who, and how much raw materials will cost if plant is moved) * Project Risk Management: (Within two weeks after project is defined) * Reason- Plan Risk Management, Identify Risks, Plan Risk Respons es, and Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis * Project Human Resources Management: (Within two weeks after project is defined) * Reason- Develop Human Resource Plan- (Calculate wages and benefits of current employees, management, and executives. Identify training for new plant. Create benefit package to retain current employees. ) * Project Quality Management: (Within two weeks after project is defined) * Reason- Plan Quality- Ensure the effective design of processes that verify customer needs, plan product life cycle and  design, produce and deliver the product or service. Project Cost Management: (Within one month of project scope) * Reason- Estimate Costs and Determine Budget * Project Time Management: (Within two weeks after project is defined) * Reason- Define Activities, Sequence Activities, Develop Schedule, Estimate Activity Durations, and Estimate Activity Resources * Project Integration: (Within one month of project scope) * Reason- Develop Project Management Plan Executing Process Group Time frame- Within six months of completing the planning phase * Project Quality Management: * Reason- Perform Quality Assurance (5% improvement from previous year) * Project Procurement Management: * Reason- Conduct Procurements (10% reduction in procurement) * Project Human Resource Management: Reason- Acquire Project Team, Develop Project Team, and Manage Project Team * Project Communications Management: * Reason- Distribute Information and Manage Stakeholder Expectations (30% reduction in labor costs and 20% increase in distribution speed) * Project Integration Management: * Reason- Direct Manage Project Execution Monitoring and Controlling Process Group Time frame- Within six months * Project Scope Management * Reason- Verify Scope, Control Scope * Project Procurement Management * Reason- Administer Procurements * Project Risk Management * Reason- Monitor Control Risks * Project Communications Management * Reason- Report Performance * Project Quality Management Reason- Perform Quality Control * Project Cost Management * Reason- Control Costs * Project Time Management * Reason- Control Schedule * Project Integration * Reason- Monitor Control Project Work and Perform Integrated Change Control Closing Process Group Time frame- Within nine months of completing the planning phase * Project Scope Management * Reason- Verify Scope, Control Scope * Project Procurement Management * Reason- Administer Procurements * Project Risk Management: * Reason- Monitor Control Risks * Project Communications Management * Reason- Report Performance * Project Quality Management * Reason- Perform Quality Control * Project Cost Management Reason- Control Costs * Project Time Management * Reason- Control Schedule * Project Integration * Reason- Monitor Control Project Work and Perform Integrated Change Control * Project Integration Management * Reason- Close Project or Phase * Project Procurement Management * Reason- Close Procurements Recommendations The bigges t threat facing Scotts Miracle-Gro is â€Å"high plant and labor costs of the Temecula plant† (Pearce Robinson, 2011, p. 26-4). This has led to lower sales both domestically and internally diminishing their market share and global standing. Conclusion This concludes an in-depth analysis of Scotts Miracle-Gro. The major issue that has been identified and addressed is high internal costs of production at Scotts Temecula plant. A solution has been developed and implemented to alleviate above market expenses and to cut costs by moving production outside of California. China and other overseas markets have been excluded because quality issues would be raised and decreasing cost with just labor wages will not provide the solution to the problem, but will create other problems. A short term project plan has been identified in the report to be presented to executives and implemented by functional management. The implementation portion includes developing a project charter and identifying stakeholders within one month. A tepid budget will be created using figures submitted from the operations, procurement, human resources, and information technology departments during this process. The planning phase will also be concluded within one month developing a project scope and creating a WBS while also conducting a risk assessment of the move versus remaining in California. In addition this process will require the creating of a human resources and procurement plan. In three months Scott’s should be able to execute the plan provided which includes quality management of improvements of five percent above last year , procurement management reduce costs of raw material purchases, and human resource management to help reduce labor costs by ten percent. Information technology should have a network set up in this timeframe to protect integrity and integrate services between operations, sales, and distribution. The objectives should be established for the short-term and they will be monitored to determine if they are followed accordingly. This key issue is important and moving operations should not be the end-all-solution but the beginning of a continuous solution to achieve maximum consumer satisfaction and profitability. When appropriate measures are taken and if the corporate officers communicate and discuss the issue considering all the details, the best solutions will be reached to obtain long term objectives. References Badenhausen, K. (2012, December 12). Utah tops Forbes 2012 list of the best states Ffor business. Forbes. com. Retrieved from forbes. com: http://www. forbes. com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2012/12/12/utah-tops-list-of-the-best-states-for-business/ Mays, G. C. (2012, February 08). Can Scotts Miracle-Gro hit its lofty 2012 sales forecast or will it miss the target again? Seekingalpha. com. Retrieved from seekingalpha. com: http://seekingalpha. com/article/351541-can-scotts-miracle-gro-hit-its-lofty-2012-sales-forecast-or-will-it-miss-the-target-again Pearce, J. A. , Robinson, R. B. (2011). Strategic management: Formulation, implementation, and control (12th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Appendix A SWOT Analysis Template for Scotts Miracle-Gro Strengths * Large market share * Consumer loyalty| Weaknesses * Increased overhead costs * Greater dependence on large consumers| Opportunities * Lawn services * Increasing online consumer spending * Globalization| Threats * Competition * Government Regulation * Increasing prices of energy| Project Grading Criteria | Grade| Content, Focus, Use of Text/Research| Analysis and Critical Thinking| Writing Style, Grammar, APA Format (when assigned)| %| 50%| 30%| 20%| 90-100%| Response successfully answers the assignment question(s); thoroughly uses the text and other literature. | Response exhibits strong higher-order critical thinking and analysis (e. g. , evaluation). Sentences are clear, concise, and direct; tone is appropriate. Grammatical skills are strong with almost no errors per page. Correct use of APA format when assigned. | 80-89%| Response answers the assignment question(s) with only minor digressions; sufficiently uses the text and other literature. | Response generally exhibi ts higher-order critical thinking and analysis (e. g. true analysis). | Sentences are generally clear, concise, and direct; tone is appropriate. Grammatical skills are competent with very few errors per page. Correct use of APA format when assigned. | 70-79%| Response answers the project assignment(s) with some digression; sufficiently uses the text and other literature. Response exhibits limited higher-order critical thinking and analysis (e. g. application of information). | Sentences are occasionally wordy or ambiguous; tone is too informal. Grammatical skills are adequate with few errors per page. Adequate use of APA format when assigned. | 60-69%| Response answers the assignment question(s) but digresses significantly; insufficiently uses the text and other literature. | Response exhibits simplistic or reductive thinking and analysis but does demonstrate comprehension. | Sentences are generally wordy and/or ambiguous; tone is too informal. Grammatical skills are inadequate, cla rity and meaning are impaired, numerous errors per page. Inadequate use How to cite Mt 460-02 Management Policy and Strategy, Papers

Fake Friends or True Friends Essay Example For Students

Fake Friends or True Friends Essay You are lucky if you have many friends, and you win the lottery if all of them are true friends. The quantity is not the major indicator; the main one is quality. True friends and fake friends are different types of people in life. Friendship is a treasure, not all are open to find the right course and reveal the companionship. Let us start considering and investigating what friendship is indeed? What types of friends are? Who are fake friends? Who are true friends? What is friendship? Friendship Laws. It is true that many things come and go in our life: money, works, and  experience. Only people stay with us at any time. More often friends become closer to us rather than relatives. Friendship shows whether people are interesting, important and valuable one another. First and foremost, the main friendship indicators are trust, toleration, mutual understanding and respect, ability to be ready to find the compromise and offer your support, and stand together in any difficult situation. True friendship is much more than just pleasant communication in a genial company. It is even a kind of mystery connection between people. Another good thing about friendship is that it is a test for life. By sight, it seems that friendship demands no effort, concern and protection, but conversely in real. In fact, it will never exist without our direct participation, because to treat another is even better than to himself is a great thing.  We can safely say that friendship has its own special laws, however strange, too loud or naive it may sound. These life principles are conditions for the friendship existence. In addition, friendship laws should be honored  by anyone who wants to have a friend or friends, and who considers himself a true friend. Thus, the main four laws can be outlined: Friendship faith You should not require any evidence, hesitations and doubts to accept friendship existence. This faith is the foundation, the foundation of true relations between true friends. Positive qualities accomplishment So you decided to be a true friend for someone, then you must develop such positive characters as courage, the strength of mind, strength of will, endurance, and so on. The above-mentioned characters form resistant and integrity personality. Moreover, if someone can become such a personality, it aims that you can trust and be confident of him/her, that is one of the friendship principals in real life. Help Despite any situations, a true friend is simply obliged to come for friend’s rescue, to help in any possible way at any time. Self- sacrifice To value a friend’s life more than yours means self-sacrifice. Apart from this, be ready if your comrade’s life is at stake you will do everything to save him/her. Fake friends One must admit that to identify who is your fake friends are a tough task in real time, as far as we still dream and consider that people that surround us is like we are. But let return to a real world with all fake friends who is like an actor playing  their role and even worth an Oscar. To simplify and save your time below are mentioned 10 characteristics that can help to recognize what types of friends your friend is. Since we are talking first about fake friends, so familiarize with them closer: A fake friend is someone who have no time to listen to you. Only he/sheis talking all the time, looks like a monologue. Such behavior shows his/her  attitude; it means you are incurious to him/her. A fake friend suggest you to take incorrect decision, he/she always interferes  to find the right solution, do right actions. A fake friend is someone who forget you in case a bad time starts in your life. He/she just disappears till everything works  out for the best. A fake friend assert himself/herself on your account.   Never feel happy for your achievements, never praise. Often he/she feels jealous when you talk him about real success. A fake friend is someone who communicates with you only when he/she wants that. You are not interested for him/her. A fake friend constantly makes you agree with opinion he/she announces.Your thoughts are not impressive for him/her. A person always manipulates you. A fake friend is sure about your readiness to come when he/she faces with problems in life and help to solve them. Fake friends are making a list where mention all favors he/she has made in order to use it in a future and show his importance and actions he/she performed. A fake friend can easily promise something and then break his/her promise without any words and evident reasons. .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1 , .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1 .postImageUrl , .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1 , .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1:hover , .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1:visited , .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1:active { border:0!important; } .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1:active , .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1 .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u639751359758abd46816e175367218b1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Oedipus EssayWe all are not perfect and have bad and positive  features of character. Be attentive and pay more attention to people who surround you and are willing to become a friend. Check whether any of above-mentioned situations have happened with you and your so-called friend. One should note here that in case 3 points are checked as OK, so this person is a fake friend. True friends Generally speaking, types of friends that we outlined earlier is the most popular one. A fake friend we have described, so who is a true friend. True friend  is a  person whom we can trust, who never feels  jealous, finds  words how to encourage you. It is great when a true friend is present in life even one. You can tell him all secrets and be sure that nobody knows  about it. Trust is a valuable bridge in your relationship. A true friend is a good listener and adviser. There is no need to do your best to impress him/her; it is enough just be yourself, show real personality. From time to time he/she calls to you, find an opportunity to communicate despite all business he/she has. True friends are your support. They know all your negative sides but can easily share with you what is on his/her mind. Summarizing I would like to admit that types of friends we separate are the most common and simple. True friends are those who are tested over the years and regardless still present in your real life. Fake friends always find subterfuges if you ask for help, in return true friends always find time for you. Jealous is a feeling inherits false friends, true friends are constantly glad for your success. In simple words, true friends are a treasure. Remind this and appreciate them.